IELTS Reading’da lug‘at ishlatib bo‘lmaydi, shuning uchun notanish so‘zga duch kelganda ikki savol berasiz: bu so‘z javob uchun kerakmi, kerak bo‘lsa, atrofdagi so‘zlar uning ma’nosi haqida nima deydi? Ko‘pincha so‘zning aniq tarjimasi shart emas: ijobiymi yoki salbiymi, ko‘paymoqmi yoki kamaymoqmi, shuni bilish yetarli. Quyida oltita kontekst belgisi, misollar va javobli mashq bor.
Misollar mashq uchun yozilgan, ular rasmiy IELTS materialidan olinmagan.
Avval: bu so‘z sizga kerakmi?
Academic Reading’dagi matnlar kitob, jurnal va gazetalardan olinadi va rasmiy tavsifga ko‘ra texnik atama bo‘lsa, unga oddiy izoh (glossary) beriladi. Demak matndagi har bir notanish so‘zni bilishingiz kutilmaydi.
Uch holatda so‘zni o‘tkazib yuboring:
- Savol so‘ragan joydan uzoqda turgan bo‘lsa.
- Gapning asosiy ma’nosi usiz ham tushunarli bo‘lsa: The tall, gnarled tree stood near the river. Qanday daraxt ekani savolga ta’sir qilmasa, gnarled ni bilish shart emas.
- Ro‘yxat ichidagi bitta element bo‘lsa: wheat, barley and sorghum. Oxirgi so‘z ham don turi ekanini bilish yetadi.
So‘z javob joyida turgan bo‘lsa yoki savoldagi so‘zning paraphrasei bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lsa, quyidagi belgilarni qidiring.
Oltita kontekst belgisi
| Belgi | Signal so‘zlar | Misol | Xulosa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ta’rif | is, means, refers to, known as, vergul yoki qavs | Many plants are deciduous, meaning they lose their leaves in autumn. | Kuzda barg to‘kadigan |
| Sinonim yoki qayta ifoda | or, in other words, that is | The results were ambiguous, or open to more than one interpretation. | Noaniq, ikki xil tushunilishi mumkin |
| Qarama-qarshilik | but, however, unlike, whereas, although | Unlike his gregarious brother, Tom preferred to be alone. | Odamlar bilan bo‘lishni yaxshi ko‘radigan |
| Misol | such as, for example, including | Foods that are perishable, such as milk and fresh fish, must be kept cold. | Tez buziladigan |
| Sabab va natija | because, so, as a result, therefore | The bridge was closed because it had deteriorated so badly that it was unsafe. | Yomonlashgan, eskirgan |
| So‘z tarkibi | un-, dis-, mis-, -less, -able, -ify | unprecedented = un + precedent + ed | Ilgari bo‘lmagan |
Oxirgi qatordagi so‘z tarkibi usulida ehtiyot bo‘ling: invaluable “qiymatsiz” emas, aksincha “bebaho” degani. Qo‘shimcha taxmin beradi, lekin uni gap mazmuni bilan tekshiring.
So‘z turkumini aniqlash: tez va ishonchli qadam
Ma’noni bilmasangiz ham, gapdagi vazifasini deyarli doim aniqlay olasiz:
- the mitigation of risk — artikl va of orasida: ot.
- they mitigate the problem — egadan keyin, to‘ldiruvchidan oldin: fe’l.
- a ubiquitous device — artikl va ot orasida: sifat.
- a rapidly declining population — -ly bilan tugaydi va declining oldida turibdi: ravish.
Summary yoki sentence completion savollarida bu ma’lumotning o‘zi javobni topishga yetadi: bo‘sh joyga ot kerak bo‘lsa, matndagi fe’lni yozmaysiz. Bu haqida batafsil summary completion sahifasida.
Rus tilini biladiganlar uchun xavfli soxta do‘stlar
O‘zbekistonda ko‘pchilik rus tilini ham biladi va inglizcha so‘zni ruscha o‘xshashi orqali “tanib” qoladi. Quyidagi so‘zlarda bu tuzoq bo‘ladi:
| Inglizcha so‘z | Aslida nimani bildiradi | Ruscha tuzoq |
|---|---|---|
| actual | haqiqiy, amaldagi | актуальный (dolzarb) |
| accurate | aniq, xatosiz | аккуратный (ozoda) |
| sympathetic | hamdard, tushunadigan | симпатичный (yoqimtoy) |
| fabric | mato | фабрика (fabrika = factory) |
| magazine | jurnal | магазин (do‘kon = shop) |
| decade | o‘n yil | декада (o‘n kun) |
| intelligent | aqlli | интеллигентный (madaniyatli) |
| complexion | yuz terisi rangi | комплекция (gavda tuzilishi) |
| data | ma’lumotlar | дата (sana = date) |
| resin | smola | резина (rezina = rubber) |
Matnda In the last decade, the population doubled bo‘lsa va siz decade ni “o‘n kun” deb o‘qisangiz, butun paragraf ma’nosi buziladi. Actual va accurate esa True False Not Given savollarida tez-tez hal qiluvchi so‘z bo‘ladi.
O‘zbekcha tomondan ham bir tuzoq bor: kompaniya, student, problema kabi so‘zlar ingliz tilidagiga o‘xshaydi va ko‘pincha to‘g‘ri tushuniladi. Bu ishonch sympathetic kabi so‘zlarga ham o‘tib ketadi. Qoidani eslab qoling: o‘xshash so‘z birinchi taxmin, yakuniy javob emas. Uni doim kontekst bilan tekshiring.
Tahlil qilingan misol
Critics of the scheme were initially vocal, writing letters to newspapers and organising public meetings. Within two years, however, their objections had largely subsided, as residents began to see the benefits.
- vocal — bu yerda sifat (were vocal). Misol belgisi: xat yozish, yig‘ilish o‘tkazish. Demak, “fikrini ochiq va baland aytadigan”. Vocal ning “ovozga oid” ma’nosini bilsangiz ham, bu gapda boshqa ma’no ishlaydi.
- subsided — fe’l (had subsided). Qarama-qarshilik belgisi: however, va sabab: as residents began to see the benefits. Foyda ko‘ringanda e’tiroz nima bo‘ladi? Kamayadi. Demak, “pasaydi, so‘ndi”.
Aniq tarjima kerak emas edi: agar savol Opposition to the scheme decreased over time desa, True javobini berish uchun subsided ning “kamaydi” degan umumiy ma’nosi yetarli.
Mashq: oltita so‘zning ma’nosini toping
Matn (mashq uchun yozilgan):
In dry regions, water is scarce, so farmers cannot rely on rainfall alone. Drip irrigation, which delivers small amounts of water directly to the roots, can mitigate the problem: it does not create new water, but it reduces the amount lost to evaporation. Twenty years ago such systems were rare; today, in some areas, they are almost ubiquitous, found on large farms and small family plots alike. Without regular maintenance, however, the pipes deteriorate, becoming blocked or cracked within a few seasons. Some farmers remain sceptical of the technology, questioning whether the savings justify the cost. Supporters reply that higher yields can offset the initial investment within a few years.
Har bir so‘z uchun A, B yoki C ni tanlang va qaysi kontekst belgisi yordam berganini yozing.
- 1. scarce: A) toza B) yetishmaydigan, kam C) qimmat
- 2. mitigate: A) yengillashtirmoq B) yaratmoq C) o‘lchamoq
- 3. ubiquitous: A) juda qimmat B) yangi C) hamma joyda uchraydigan
- 4. deteriorate: A) yomonlashmoq B) uzaymoq C) tozalanmoq
- 5. sceptical: A) xursand B) shubhali, ishonmaydigan C) bexabar
- 6. offset: A) oshirmoq B) qoplamoq, tenglashtirmoq C) kechiktirmoq
Javoblar
- 1 — B. Sabab-natija: so farmers cannot rely on rainfall alone. Suv yetarli bo‘lsa, bunday xulosa chiqmas edi.
- 2 — A. Qayta ifoda: it does not create new water, but it reduces the amount lost. Muammoni yo‘q qilmaydi, kamaytiradi. B variantini matnning o‘zi rad etadi.
- 3 — C. Qarama-qarshilik va misol: twenty years ago … rare; today … almost ubiquitous, large farms and small family plots alike.
- 4 — A. Qayta ifoda: becoming blocked or cracked. Without regular maintenance ham salbiy yo‘nalishni ko‘rsatadi.
- 5 — B. Qayta ifoda: questioning whether the savings justify the cost. Savol berayotgan odam hali ishonmagan.
- 6 — B. Sabab-natija: yuqori hosil boshlang‘ich xarajatni “qoplaydi”. Supporters reply ham bu so‘z ijobiy dalil ekanini ko‘rsatadi.
5–6 ta to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, usul ishlayapti. Xato qilgan so‘zlaringiz uchun jadvaldagi belgilardan qaysi birini o‘tkazib yuborganingizni yozing: ko‘pincha bu however yoki but kabi bitta kichik so‘z bo‘ladi.
So‘zni faol lug‘atga o‘tkazish
Kontekstdan topilgan so‘z bir haftada unutiladi, agar u bilan boshqa hech narsa qilmasangiz. Har Reading mashqidan keyin 5 tadan ko‘p bo‘lmagan so‘z tanlang va ularni quyidagicha yozing:
| So‘z | Matndagi gap | Men o‘ylagan ma’no | Lug‘atdagi ma’no | O‘zimning gapim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scarce | In dry regions, water is scarce… | kam | not easy to find, not enough | Good IT specialists are scarce in small towns. |
Bu jadvalni oraliq takrorlash bilan ishlatish usuli spaced repetition sahifasida tushuntirilgan. Boshqa Reading va Speaking materiallari uchun IELTS bo‘limiga qarang.
BandMate va lug‘at
BandMate IELTS Reading testini o‘tkazmaydi. Ilova so‘zni o‘qishdan gapirishga o‘tkazishda foydali: darslarda yangi so‘zlar bilan ishlaysiz, Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda esa scarce, sceptical, offset kabi so‘zlarni o‘z gapingizda ishlatib ko‘rasiz va talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz. Faol ishlatilgan so‘z keyingi matnda tezroq taniladi. AI fikri rasmiy IELTS bahosi emas.
