Ingliz tilida bog‘lovchilar (linking words) ikki fikr orasidagi munosabatni ko‘rsatadi: qo‘shimcha, qarama-qarshilik, sabab, natija, misol yoki ketma-ketlik. To‘g‘ri bog‘lovchini tanlash uchun avval shu munosabatni aniqlang, keyin so‘zning grammatik turini tekshiring: ba’zilari gap ichida, ba’zilari yangi gap boshida, ba’zilari esa faqat ot bilan ishlatiladi. Quyida bog‘lovchilar vazifasi bo‘yicha jadvallarga ajratilgan, har biriga misol gap berilgan, oxirida esa javob kalitli mashq bor.
Bu sahifa kundalik nutq va umumiy yozuv uchun ma’lumotnoma. IELTS’da fikrni bog‘lash qanday baholanishini alohida o‘rganmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, IELTS Speaking coherence va IELTS Writing coherence and cohesion maqolalarini o‘qing.
Avval grammatika: bog‘lovchining to‘rt turi
Ko‘p xato ma’noda emas, turda bo‘ladi. Although va however ikkalasi ham qarama-qarshilik bildiradi, lekin gapda boshqa-boshqa joyda turadi.
| Tur | Misollar | Qanday ishlatiladi | Namuna |
|---|---|---|---|
| Teng bog‘lovchi | and, but, so, or, yet | Ikki gapni bitta gapga ulaydi | I was tired, but I finished the report. |
| Ergash bog‘lovchi | because, although, while, if, unless | Ortidan to‘liq gap (ega + fe’l) keladi | Although I was tired, I finished the report. |
| Bog‘lovchi ravish | however, therefore, moreover, otherwise | Odatda yangi gap boshida, ortidan vergul | I was tired. However, I finished the report. |
| Predlogli birikma | despite, because of, due to, in addition to | Ortidan ot yoki -ing shakl keladi | Despite being tired, I finished the report. |
Shu jadvalni eslab qolsangiz, despite I was tired yoki because of I was late kabi xatolar kamayadi.
Vazifasi bo‘yicha jadvallar
"Uslub" ustuni so‘z qayerda tabiiyroq eshitilishini ko‘rsatadi: "Nutq" — suhbat, "Yozuv" — xat, esse, hisobot.
1. Qo‘shimcha fikr qo‘shish
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| also | ham, shuningdek | The flat is near the metro. It's also quite cheap. | Nutq va yozuv |
| on top of that | buning ustiga | The bus was late, and on top of that, it started raining. | Nutq |
| as well as | ... bilan birga | She speaks Russian as well as English. | Nutq va yozuv |
| in addition (to) | bunga qo‘shimcha | In addition to the salary, the company pays for lunch. | Yozuv |
| moreover / furthermore | bundan tashqari | The course is free. Moreover, it has evening groups. | Yozuv |
| not only ... but also | nafaqat ... balki | The new road is not only shorter but also safer. | Yozuv, rasmiy nutq |
2. Qarama-qarshilik va cheklov
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| but | lekin | I like Tashkent, but the summer is too hot for me. | Nutq va yozuv |
| although / even though | garchi ... bo‘lsa-da | Although the test was hard, I passed it. | Nutq va yozuv |
| however | biroq | The job pays well. However, the office is far from my home. | Ko‘proq yozuv |
| whereas / while | ... esa | My brother loves football, whereas I prefer chess. | Yozuv |
| despite / in spite of | ...ga qaramay | Despite the traffic, we arrived on time. | Nutq va yozuv |
| on the other hand | boshqa tomondan | Living with parents is cheap. On the other hand, you have less freedom. | Nutq va yozuv |
| even so / still | shunday bo‘lsa ham | The flat is small. Even so, I really like it. | Nutq |
3. Sabab
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | chunki (gap bilan) | I take the metro because it's faster. | Nutq va yozuv |
| because of | ... sababli (ot bilan) | The flight was delayed because of the fog. | Nutq va yozuv |
| since / as | chunki (sabab ma’lum) | Since you're already here, let's start. | Nutq va yozuv |
| due to | ... tufayli (ot bilan) | The lesson was cancelled due to a power cut. | Yozuv |
| that's why | shuning uchun | I work until seven. That's why I study in the morning. | Nutq |
4. Natija
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| so | shuning uchun | It was raining, so we stayed at home. | Nutq va yozuv |
| therefore | shu sababli | Prices went up. Therefore, sales fell. | Yozuv |
| as a result | natijada | He practised every day. As a result, he felt more confident. | Nutq va yozuv |
| so ... that | shunchalik ... ki | The room was so noisy that I couldn't hear the teacher. | Nutq va yozuv |
| which means | bu degani | The office is closed on Sunday, which means we can't send the documents. | Nutq |
5. Misol keltirish
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| for example / for instance | masalan | Some jobs, for example accounting, need exact English terms. | Nutq va yozuv |
| such as | ... kabi | I cook simple dishes such as omelettes and pasta. | Nutq va yozuv |
| like | kabi (og‘zaki) | I love street food, like samsa and shashlik. | Nutq |
| take ..., for example | ...ni olaylik | Take my sister, for example. She learned English online. | Nutq |
| in particular | xususan | I enjoy history, in particular the history of Samarkand. | Nutq va yozuv |
6. Ketma-ketlik va vaqt
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| first / first of all | avval | First, check the address. Then call the office. | Nutq va yozuv |
| then / after that | keyin | We had lunch. After that, we went to the museum. | Nutq va yozuv |
| after / before + -ing | ...dan keyin / oldin | After finishing university, I started working. | Nutq va yozuv |
| while | ... paytida | I listen to podcasts while I'm cooking. | Nutq va yozuv |
| as soon as | ... bilanoq | Call me as soon as you arrive. | Nutq va yozuv |
| in the end / finally | oxiri / nihoyat | In the end, we took a taxi. | Nutq va yozuv |
7. Shart
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| if | agar | If it rains, we'll stay at home. | Nutq va yozuv |
| unless | agar ... bo‘lmasa | I won't go unless you come with me. | Nutq va yozuv |
| as long as | ... sharti bilan | You can borrow my laptop as long as you bring it back tomorrow. | Nutq |
| in case | ... bo‘lib qolsa deb | Take an umbrella in case it rains. | Nutq va yozuv |
| otherwise | aks holda | Leave now. Otherwise, you'll miss the bus. | Nutq va yozuv |
In case va if bir xil emas. "Take an umbrella if it rains" — yomg‘ir yog‘sa, oling. "Take an umbrella in case it rains" — yog‘ib qolishi mumkin, hozirdan oling.
8. Fikr bildirish va suhbatni boshqarish
Bu guruh deyarli faqat og‘zaki nutqda ishlatiladi va suhbatni jonli qiladi.
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| I'd say | menimcha | I'd say the metro is the best way to get around Tashkent. |
| to be honest | rostini aytsam | To be honest, I don't watch much TV. |
| actually | aslida | Actually, I've never been to Bukhara. |
| as I said | aytganimdek | As I said, the main problem is time. |
| anyway | xullas, nima bo‘lsa ham | Anyway, that's how I started learning English. |
| by the way | darvoqe | By the way, have you seen the new park? |
9. Aniqlashtirish va qayta aytish
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| I mean | ya’ni, demoqchimanki | It's expensive. I mean, not crazy expensive, but more than I expected. |
| in other words | boshqacha aytganda | He never answers my emails. In other words, he isn't interested. |
| what I'm trying to say is | aytmoqchi bo‘lganim | What I'm trying to say is that practice matters more than the app. |
10. Xulosa
| Bog‘lovchi | Ma’nosi | Misol | Uslub |
|---|---|---|---|
| so basically | xullas | So basically, it depends on your budget. | Nutq |
| overall | umuman olganda | Overall, it was a useful trip. | Nutq va yozuv |
| in short | qisqasi | In short, the plan worked. | Nutq va yozuv |
| to sum up / in conclusion | xulosa qilib aytganda | In conclusion, both options have clear advantages. | Yozuv |
Bir fikr, ikki uslub: yozuv va nutq
Suhbatda moreover va furthermore ketma-ket kelsa, nutq yodlangan esse o‘qilayotgandek eshitiladi. Quyidagi almashtirishlar ma’noni saqlab, uslubni o‘zgartiradi.
| Yozuvda | Og‘zaki nutqda |
|---|---|
| Moreover, ... | Also, ... / On top of that, ... |
| Therefore, ... | So ... / That's why ... |
| Nevertheless, ... | But still, ... / Even so, ... |
| For instance, ... | Like ... / Take ..., for example. |
| In conclusion, ... | So overall, ... |
Namuna: bog‘lovchilar nutqda qanday ishlaydi
Savol (mashq uchun, rasmiy test savoli emas): Do you prefer to study alone or with other people?
To be honest, I prefer studying alone, because I can go at my own speed. When I study with friends, we usually start chatting, so we don't get much done. That said, speaking practice is different. For example, last month I joined a small speaking group at my university, and it really helped. So overall, I'd say alone for grammar and vocabulary, but with other people for speaking.
Har bog‘lovchi bitta munosabatni bildiradi: sabab, natija, cheklov, misol, xulosa. Noyob so‘z yo‘q, lekin fikr oson kuzatiladi.
O‘zbek va rus tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning tipik xatolari
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Sababi |
|---|---|---|
| Although it was late, but we continued. | Although it was late, we continued. | O‘zbekchada "garchi ... bo‘lsa-da, lekin", ruschada "хотя ..., но" deyiladi; inglizchada bitta bog‘lovchi yetadi. |
| Despite of the rain ... | Despite the rain ... / In spite of the rain ... | Despite o‘zidan keyin of olmaydi. |
| Despite it was raining ... | Although it was raining ... / Despite the rain ... | Despite ortidan to‘liq gap emas, ot keladi. |
| I like tea. On the other hand, I like coffee. | I like tea. I also like coffee. | On the other hand faqat qarama-qarshi tomonni bildiradi. |
| In my opinion, I think ... | In my opinion, ... yoki I think ... | Ikkalasi bir ma’noda; bittasini tanlang. |
| Everyone came besides Aziz. | Everyone came except Aziz. | Besides — "bundan tashqari (qo‘shib)", except — "... dan boshqa". |
| However the price is high. | However, the price is high. | Gap boshidagi howeverdan keyin vergul qo‘yiladi. |
| Even if it's expensive, I bought it. | Even though it's expensive, I bought it. | Even though — haqiqiy holat; even if — faraz. |
| Because I was busy. (yozuvda alohida gap) | I didn't call because I was busy. | Yozuvda because bilan boshlangan yarim gap yolg‘iz turmaydi. |
Bog‘lovchini nutqqa olib kirish: haftalik tartib
- Haftaga bitta guruhni tanlang, masalan "qarama-qarshilik". Undan 2–3 ta bog‘lovchi oling: although, even so, on the other hand.
- Har biriga o‘zingiz haqingizda bitta gap yozing.
- Uchta oddiy savolga 30–45 soniyalik javobni telefonga yozib oling: Do you like your city? Is your job stressful? Do you prefer summer or winter?
- Yozuvni tinglab, bog‘lovchilarni sanang. Hammasi and va but bo‘lsa, ertaga qayta javob bering.
- Hafta oxirida yangi savol bilan tekshiring. Tanlangan bog‘lovchi o‘ylamasdan chiqsa, keyingi guruhga o‘ting.
Birdaniga ellikta bog‘lovchini yodlash foyda bermaydi: suhbatda miya eng tanishini tanlaydi.
Mashq 1: bo‘sh joyni to‘ldiring
Har bir so‘zni bir marta ishlating: although, however, despite, because of, so, unless, in case, such as, whereas, as a result, otherwise, on top of that.
- 1. ___ the heavy traffic, I got to work on time.
- 2. I missed the bus, ___ I took a taxi.
- 3. The café is cosy. ___, the coffee is quite expensive.
- 4. ___ she had little experience, the company hired her.
- 5. Bring your passport ___ they ask for ID at the entrance.
- 6. You can't enter the exam room ___ you have your ID.
- 7. The lesson was cancelled ___ the power cut.
- 8. Save the file now. ___, you might lose it.
- 9. My sister likes quiet evenings, ___ I prefer going out.
- 10. He practised speaking every morning. ___, he felt calmer in the interview.
- 11. I enjoy Uzbek dishes ___ plov and manti.
- 12. The flat is far from the metro, and ___, the rent is high.
Mashq 2: ikki gapni bog‘lang
Qavsdagi so‘z bilan bitta gap yoki ikki bog‘langan gap tuzing.
- a) It was raining. We went for a walk. (although)
- b) The shop was closed. We couldn't buy bread. (so)
- c) She was ill. She came to the meeting. (despite)
- d) They repaired the road. The journey is shorter now. (as a result)
Javoblar
Mashq 1: 1 Despite, 2 so, 3 However, 4 Although, 5 in case, 6 unless, 7 because of, 8 Otherwise, 9 whereas, 10 As a result, 11 such as, 12 on top of that.
Mashq 2:
- a) Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
- b) The shop was closed, so we couldn't buy bread.
- c) Despite being ill, she came to the meeting. (yoki: Despite her illness, ...)
- d) They repaired the road. As a result, the journey is shorter now.
Agar 1-mashqda 3, 8 yoki 10-savolda xato qilgan bo‘lsangiz, jadvaldagi "bog‘lovchi ravish" turini qayta ko‘ring: bu so‘zlar yangi gapni boshlaydi. Umumiy speaking tayyorgarligi uchun IELTS Speaking savollari va mashqlari sahifasidagi savollarga shu bog‘lovchilar bilan javob bering.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda shu haftaning bog‘lovchilarini erkin javoblarda sinab ko‘rishingiz mumkin: mavzu tanlang va har javobga kamida bitta sabab va bitta misol qo‘shishga urining. Ilova gap tuzilishi va talaffuz bo‘yicha qisqa fikr beradi. Bu fikr o‘qituvchi yoki imtihonchi bahosi emas, lekin qaysi bog‘lovchini ishonch bilan, qaysisini xato ishlatayotganingizni ko‘rishga yordam beradi.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary: English Grammar Today — although, despite, however va boshqa bog‘lovchilarning grammatik izohlari.
- British Council LearnEnglish: Grammar — darajalar bo‘yicha grammatika tushuntirishlari va mashqlar.
