Future Perfect kelajakdagi bir muddatgacha tugab bo‘ladigan ishni bildiradi: By Friday I’ll have finished the report — Jumagacha hisobotni tugatib bo‘laman. Formula: will have + V3 (fe’lning uchinchi shakli), hamma shaxsda bir xil. Deyarli har doim yonida muddat bor: by Friday, by the time you come, by 2030.
O‘zbekcha mosi -ib bo‘laman / -gan bo‘laman: tugatib bo‘laman, ketgan bo‘ladi, o‘qib chiqqan bo‘lamiz. Gapda shu “bo‘lib bo‘ladi” ma’nosi bo‘lsa, Future Perfect haqida o‘ylang.
By so‘zi: bu zamonning kaliti
By bu yerda “...ga qadar, eng kechi bilan” degan ma’noda. Muddat nuqtasini beradi, harakat esa o‘sha nuqtadan oldin tugaydi. Tipik iboralar:
| Ibora | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| by + kun/soat | ...gacha | By 6 p.m. the shops will have closed. |
| by the end of … | ... oxirigacha | By the end of the year I’ll have saved enough. |
| by the time + Present Simple | ... paytga kelib | By the time you wake up, I’ll have left. |
| by then | o‘sha paytgacha | Come at nine. By then we’ll have eaten. |
| before + vaqt | ...dan oldin | The guests will have gone before midnight. |
| in + muddat’s time | ... dan keyin (o‘sha paytga kelib) | In two years’ time she’ll have graduated. |
By ni until bilan adashtirmang. Until “shu paytgacha davom etadi” degani: I’ll wait until six — oltigacha kutaman (butun vaqt davomida). By six esa “oltiga qadar tugatiladi”: I’ll have finished by six.
Malikaning hisob-kitobi
Malika Toshkentdagi universitetning so‘nggi kursida o‘qiydi. Hozir oktyabr. U kelgusi oylarni shunday rejalayapti:
By December I will have written the first chapter of my thesis. By the end of March I will have finished all my exams. By June I will have defended my diploma, and by September I will have started my master’s programme — if I get a grant.
Har bir gapda ikkita nuqta bor: muddat (December, March, June) va o‘sha muddatdan oldin tugaydigan harakat. Harakat qachon aniq tugashi muhim emas, muhimi — muddat kelganda u tugagan bo‘ladi.
Hozir o‘zingizga uchta gap tuzing: By the end of this week I’ll have…, By the end of this month…, By the end of this year… Bu IELTS Speaking’da maqsadlar haqidagi savolga ham yaxshi javob qolipi.
Yasalishi
| Gap turi | Formula | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|---|
| Darak | ega + will have + V3 | They’ll have repaired the road by May. | Mayga qadar yo‘lni ta’mirlab bo‘lishadi. |
| Inkor | ega + won’t have + V3 | I won’t have finished by five. | Beshgacha tugatib ulgurmayman. |
| So‘roq | Will + ega + have + V3? | Will you have packed by eight? | Sakkizgacha narsalaringizni yig‘ib bo‘lasizmi? |
| Maxsus savol | so‘roq so‘zi + will + ega + have + V3? | How many pages will you have read by Sunday? | Yakshanbagacha necha bet o‘qib bo‘lasiz? |
Og‘zaki nutqda will have qisqaradi: I’ll’ve finished /aɪləv/. Yozuvda I’ll have deb yozing.
V3 — o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi: write → written, go → gone, eat → eaten, do → done. Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning uchinchi shaklini bilmasangiz, bu zamon ishlamaydi. Ularni irregular verbs sahifasida takrorlab oling.
By the time: ikki fe’l, ikki zamon
By the time, when, before, after bo‘lagida kelajak ma’nosi bo‘lsa ham Present Simple ishlatiladi. Future Perfect faqat asosiy bo‘lakda:
- By the time you get here, the film will have started. — Siz yetib kelguningizcha film boshlanib bo‘ladi.
- By the time we arrive in Bukhara, the museums will have closed. — Buxoroga yetib borgunimizcha muzeylar yopilib bo‘ladi.
Tipik xato: By the time you will get here… O‘zbekchadagi “yetib kelguningizcha” kelajak ma’nosini beradi, lekin inglizcha qoidada bu bo‘lakka will qo‘yilmaydi.
Future Simple yoki Future Perfect?
| Future Simple | Future Perfect |
|---|---|
| When you come, I’ll cook dinner. — Kelganingizdan keyin ovqat qilaman. | When you come, I’ll have cooked dinner. — Kelganingizda ovqat tayyor bo‘ladi. |
| The plane will land at 10. — soat 10 da qo‘nadi | By 10 the plane will have landed. — 10 ga kelib qo‘nib bo‘ladi |
| I’ll read the book next week. | I’ll have read the book by next week. |
Chap ustunda harakat ko‘rsatilgan paytda boshlanadi yoki sodir bo‘ladi. O‘ng ustunda u o‘sha paytdan oldin tugagan.
Future Perfect Continuous bilan qisqa farq
Ikkalasida ham muddat bor, lekin savol boshqa:
- Future Perfect — “nima tugagan bo‘ladi, qancha bajarilgan bo‘ladi?” By June I’ll have read twenty books.
- Future Perfect Continuous — “qancha vaqtdan beri davom etayotgan bo‘ladi?” By June I’ll have been reading this book for three months.
Natija va son-sanoq (twenty books, all the exams) bo‘lsa — Future Perfect. Davomiylik (for three months) bo‘lsa — Future Perfect Continuous. Ikkinchisi haqida batafsil Future Perfect Continuous sahifasida.
Bonus: taxmin ma’nosi
Ingliz tilida will have + V3 ba’zan kelajak emas, o‘tmish haqidagi taxminni bildiradi:
- You’ll have heard the news already. — Yangilikni allaqachon eshitgan bo‘lsangiz kerak.
- Don’t call now, she’ll have gone to bed. — Hozir qo‘ng‘iroq qilmang, u yotib qolgan bo‘lsa kerak.
Bu B2 va undan yuqori darajadagi qo‘llanish, britaniyaliklar nutqida tez-tez eshitiladi. O‘zbekcha “-gan bo‘lsa kerak” ga to‘g‘ri keladi.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| I will finished by Friday. | I will have finished by Friday. | have tushib qolgan |
| She will have went home. | She will have gone home. | V2 emas, V3 |
| I’ll have finished until six. | I’ll have finished by six. | tugash muddati by bilan |
| By the time you will come, I’ll have cooked. | By the time you come, I’ll have cooked. | by the time dan keyin Present Simple |
| He will has left. | He will have left. | will dan keyin doim have |
| By 2030 I’ll become a doctor. | By 2030 I’ll have become a doctor. | by muddat bilan natija |
Oxirgi gap og‘zaki nutqda eshitilishi mumkin, lekin yozma ishda va grammatika testlarida by + yil bilan Future Perfect kutiladi.
Mashq: 12 ta savol
A. Qavsdagi fe’lni Future Perfect’da yozing.
- 1. By the end of the course, you ______ (learn) about 2,000 new words.
- 2. Call me at eight. I ______ (finish) my homework by then.
- 3. By the time we get to the station, the train ______ (leave).
- 4. She ______ (not / read) the whole book by Monday. It’s 600 pages.
- 5. ______ they ______ (build) the new bridge by next summer?
- 6. By 2028, my parents ______ (live) in this house for 30 years.
B. By yoki until?
- 7. I’ll stay at my aunt’s ______ Sunday.
- 8. Please send the documents ______ Friday.
- 9. We’ll have painted the whole flat ______ the end of the month.
C. Xatoni toping.
- 10. By the time you will read this letter, I will have left Tashkent.
- 11. In two years’ time I will have finish university.
- 12. Don’t worry, the guests will have ate before we arrive.
Javoblar
1 — will have learnt (learned); 2 — will have finished; 3 — will have left; 4 — won’t have read; 5 — Will they have built; 6 — will have lived.
7 — until; 8 — by; 9 — by.
10 — By the time you read this letter, I will have left Tashkent. 11 — I will have finished university. 12 — the guests will have eaten before we arrive.
Izohlar:
- 6-gap: live holat fe’li bo‘lgani uchun for 30 years bilan ham Future Perfect ishlatiladi. Will have been living ham xato emas, ma’no deyarli bir xil.
- 7-gap: yakshanbagacha davom etib qolaman — until. 8-gapda esa jo‘natish juma kunidan kechikmasligi kerak — by.
- 12-gap: eat ning uchinchi shakli eaten; ate ikkinchi shakl.
Kelasi zamonning bu shaklini boshqa zamonlar bilan bir jadvalda ko‘rmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, ingliz tilida zamonlar jadvali sahifasini oching.
BandMate bilan mashq
Future Perfect maqsad va rejalar haqida gapirganda o‘z-o‘zidan kerak bo‘ladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan “bir yildan keyin nimaga erishgan bo‘lasiz?” mavzusida gaplashing va har bir javobni By… I’ll have… bilan boshlang; IELTS Speaking mashqida ham shu qolipni ishlatib ko‘rishingiz mumkin. Ilova fikri foydali yo‘l ko‘rsatkich, lekin rasmiy ball emas.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
