Ingliz tilida odatda 12 ta asosiy zamon o‘rgatiladi: uch vaqt (past, present, future) va to‘rt ko‘rinish (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). O‘zbekiston va MDH darsliklarida bularga yana 4 ta “Future in the Past” shakli qo‘shiladi, shuning uchun 16 chiqadi. Quyidagi jadvalda 16 shaklning hammasi bor: formula, signal so‘zlar, misol va o‘zbekcha tarjima.
Barcha misollar bitta fe’l bilan — write (yozmoq; write — wrote — written). Shunda o‘zgarayotgan narsa faqat yordamchi so‘zlar ekanini ko‘rasiz.
Nechta zamon bor: 2, 12 yoki 16?
Bu savolga uchta to‘g‘ri javob bor, qaysi darslikni o‘qiyotganingizga bog‘liq.
- 2 ta. Tilshunoslar fe’lning o‘z shakli o‘zgarishini hisoblasa, ingliz tilida faqat hozirgi (write/writes) va o‘tgan (wrote) zamon bor. Kelajak will yordamida, continuous va perfect esa be va have yordamida yasaladi. Bu ilmiy grammatikalardagi yondashuv.
- 12 ta. Xalqaro kurslar va ko‘pchilik o‘quv qo‘llanmalari vaqt va ko‘rinishni birlashtirib 3 × 4 = 12 shakl deydi. O‘rganuvchi uchun eng qulay xarita shu.
- 16 ta. Sovet davridan qolgan maktab grammatikasi an’anasida 12 ga yana to‘rtta would bilan yasaladigan shakl qo‘shiladi: o‘tmishdan qaraganda kelajak. O‘zbek maktab darsliklari va ko‘p repetitorlar hozir ham shu hisobni ishlatadi.
Qaysi raqamni tanlasangiz ham, gapda ishlatiladigan shakllar bir xil. Imtihonda sizdan zamonlar sonini emas, to‘g‘ri shaklni tanlashni so‘rashadi.
16 zamon: to‘liq jadval
| № | Zamon | Formula (+) | Signal so‘zlar | Misol | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Present Simple (hozirgi oddiy) | V1 / V1+s | every day, usually, often, never | She writes a blog post every week. | U har hafta blogga post yozadi. |
| 2 | Present Continuous (hozirgi davomli) | am/is/are + V-ing | now, at the moment, Look! | I’m writing an email right now. | Hozir xat yozyapman. |
| 3 | Present Perfect (hozirgi tugallangan) | have/has + V3 | already, just, yet, ever, never | I’ve already written my CV. | Rezyumemni yozib bo‘ldim. |
| 4 | Present Perfect Continuous (hozirgi tugallangan davomli) | have/has been + V-ing | for, since, how long, all day | He’s been writing his thesis since March. | U martdan beri diplom ishini yozyapti. |
| 5 | Past Simple (o‘tgan oddiy) | V2 | yesterday, ago, last year, in 2020 | Alisher Navoi wrote Khamsa in the 15th century. | Alisher Navoiy “Xamsa”ni XV asrda yozgan. |
| 6 | Past Continuous (o‘tgan davomli) | was/were + V-ing | while, when, at 8 yesterday | I was writing a message when the lights went out. | Chiroq o‘chganda xabar yozayotgan edim. |
| 7 | Past Perfect (o‘tgan tugallangan) | had + V3 | before, by the time, already (o‘tmishda) | She had written the essay before the lesson started. | Dars boshlanguncha u inshoni yozib bo‘lgan edi. |
| 8 | Past Perfect Continuous (o‘tgan tugallangan davomli) | had been + V-ing | for / since + o‘tmishdagi nuqta | He had been writing for two hours when his laptop crashed. | Noutbuki ishdan chiqqanda u ikki soatdan beri yozayotgan edi. |
| 9 | Future Simple (kelasi oddiy) | will + V1 | tomorrow, I think, probably | I’ll write to you tomorrow. | Ertaga sizga yozaman. |
| 10 | Future Continuous (kelasi davomli) | will be + V-ing | this time tomorrow, at 10 tomorrow | This time tomorrow I’ll be writing my IELTS essay. | Ertaga shu paytda IELTS inshoimni yozayotgan bo‘laman. |
| 11 | Future Perfect (kelasi tugallangan) | will have + V3 | by Friday, by the time, by then | By Friday I’ll have written all the reports. | Jumagacha hamma hisobotlarni yozib bo‘laman. |
| 12 | Future Perfect Continuous (kelasi tugallangan davomli) | will have been + V-ing | by … for + muddat | By June she’ll have been writing the book for two years. | Iyunga kelib u kitobni yozayotganiga ikki yil bo‘ladi. |
| 13 | Future Simple in the Past (o‘tmishdagi kelasi oddiy) | would + V1 | said, knew, thought, promised | He promised he would write every week. | Har hafta yozib turishga va’da berdi. |
| 14 | Future Continuous in the Past (o‘tmishdagi kelasi davomli) | would be + V-ing | said / thought + aniq payt | She said at nine she would be writing the report. | Soat to‘qqizda hisobot yozayotgan bo‘lishini aytdi. |
| 15 | Future Perfect in the Past (o‘tmishdagi kelasi tugallangan) | would have + V3 | said / hoped + by | I was sure he would have written the letter by Monday. | Dushanbagacha xatni yozib bo‘ladi deb ishongandim. |
| 16 | Future Perfect Continuous in the Past (o‘tmishdagi kelasi tugallangan davomli) | would have been + V-ing | said + by … for | They said by May they would have been writing the dictionary for ten years. | Mayga kelib lug‘atni yozayotganlariga o‘n yil bo‘lishini aytishdi. |
V1 — fe’lning lug‘atdagi shakli (write), V2 — o‘tgan zamon shakli (wrote), V3 — uchinchi shakl (written). 5, 7, 11 va 15-qatorlar noto‘g‘ri fe’llarni bilishni talab qiladi; ularni irregular verbs sahifasida takrorlang.
13–16-qatorlar alohida mavzu, ular asosan ko‘chirma gapda va hikoyada uchraydi. Tushuntirish va mashqi future in the past sahifasida.
Jadvalni o‘qishning kaliti: birinchi so‘z vaqtni ko‘rsatadi
Formulalarga diqqat bilan qarang. Har bir zamonda birinchi yordamchi so‘z vaqtni ko‘rsatadi, qolganlari esa ko‘rinishni:
| Birinchi so‘z | Vaqt |
|---|---|
| am/is/are, have/has, V1 | hozir |
| was/were, had, V2 | o‘tmish |
| will | kelajak |
| would | o‘tmishdan qaraganda kelajak |
Ko‘rinish esa zinapoya kabi qurilib boradi. Har pog‘ona oldingisiga bitta bo‘lak qo‘shadi:
- Simple: faqat fe’l — writes, wrote, will write.
- Continuous: be + -ing — is writing, was writing, will be writing.
- Perfect: have + V3 — has written, had written, will have written.
- Perfect Continuous: have been + -ing — has been writing, had been writing, will have been writing.
Shu ikki qoidani tushunsangiz, 16 formulani alohida yodlash shart emas: will have been writing = kelajak (will) + perfect (have … been) + continuous (-ing).
Savol va inkor: faqat birinchi so‘z harakatlanadi
Savolda birinchi yordamchi so‘z egadan oldinga o‘tadi, inkorda unga not qo‘shiladi. Yordamchi so‘z yo‘q ikki zamonda (1 va 5) do/does/did kerak.
| Birinchi so‘z | Savol | Inkor |
|---|---|---|
| (yo‘q) — Present Simple | Does she write? | She doesn’t write. |
| (yo‘q) — Past Simple | Did Navoi write…? | He didn’t write. |
| am/is/are | Are you writing? | I’m not writing. |
| was/were | Was he writing? | He wasn’t writing. |
| have/has | Have you written? | I haven’t written. |
| had | Had she written? | She hadn’t written. |
| will | Will you write? | I won’t write. |
| would | (ko‘chirma gapda savol kam) | He said he wouldn’t write. |
Kundalik nutqda qaysilari eng ko‘p kerak
Internetda “nutqning 90 foizi 3–4 zamonda” kabi raqamlar ko‘p uchraydi, lekin ular odatda manbasiz. Aniq foiz aytmaymiz. Og‘zaki va yozma ingliz tili korpuslariga asoslangan grammatikalar esa bitta narsani aniq ko‘rsatadi: oddiy (simple) shakllar continuous va perfect shakllardan ancha ko‘p uchraydi. Shunga tayanib, zamonlarni uch guruhga bo‘lish mumkin:
Har kuni kerak bo‘ladi: Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, kelajak uchun will va going to. A2–B1 darajadagi erkin suhbatning asosiy qismi shular bilan quriladi.
Hikoya va tajriba uchun: Past Continuous (hikoyada fon), Present Perfect Continuous (for/since), Past Perfect (voqealar ketma-ketligi), would (ko‘chirma gap). B1–B2 da va IELTS Speaking’ning ikkinchi qismida kerak bo‘ladi.
Asosan yozma matnda yoki kam: Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous va 14–16-qatorlar. Ularni tanib olish muhim, har kungi suhbatda esa kam ishlatasiz.
Qaysi vaziyatda qaysi zamonni tanlashni savollar zanjiri bilan qaysi zamonni qachon ishlatish sahifasida ko‘rasiz. 12 zamonning har biri qachon ishlatilishi va tipik xatolar 12 tenses in English uzbekcha sahifasida.
Mashq: zamonni aniqlang
Har bir gapdagi zamonni jadvaldagi raqami va nomi bilan yozing.
- 1. My brother has been learning Korean since January.
- 2. We were having dinner when the guests arrived.
- 3. By the end of the month, I will have paid off the loan.
- 4. She said she would call after the meeting.
- 5. The bus leaves at 7:15 every morning.
- 6. They had already sold the flat before we saw the advert.
- 7. Don’t call me at nine — I’ll be driving.
- 8. Have you ever tried samsa from Jizzakh?
- 9. He had been waiting for an hour when the doctor finally came.
- 10. Look! It’s snowing in Tashkent.
- 11. In 2028 we will have been living here for twenty years.
- 12. I was sure they would have finished the road by September.
Javoblar
- 1. 4 — Present Perfect Continuous (has been + -ing, since).
- 2. 6 — Past Continuous (were having) va 5 — Past Simple (arrived).
- 3. 11 — Future Perfect (will have + V3, by).
- 4. 13 — Future Simple in the Past (said + would).
- 5. 1 — Present Simple (jadval, every morning).
- 6. 7 — Past Perfect (had sold) va 5 — Past Simple (saw).
- 7. 10 — Future Continuous (will be + -ing, aniq payt).
- 8. 3 — Present Perfect (ever, tajriba).
- 9. 8 — Past Perfect Continuous (had been waiting) va 5 — Past Simple (came).
- 10. 2 — Present Continuous (Look!, ayni paytda).
- 11. 12 — Future Perfect Continuous (will have been + -ing, for).
- 12. 15 — Future Perfect in the Past (would have + V3).
Agar 2, 6 va 9-savollarda faqat bitta zamonni topgan bo‘lsangiz ham, xato emas: bitta gapda ikki zamon bo‘lishi odatiy hol.
BandMate bilan mashq
Jadval — xarita, lekin yo‘lni gapirib o‘tasiz. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan o‘tgan hafta, hozirgi ishlaringiz va rejalaringiz haqida gaplashsangiz, har bir javobda bir necha zamon aralash keladi; darslarda esa zamonlar o‘zbekcha izohlar va qisqa mashqlar bilan takrorlanadi. Jadvalni saqlab qo‘ying va suhbatdan keyin ikkilanib qolgan zamoningizni shu yerdan tekshiring.
Manbalar
- Huddleston, R. va Pullum, G. K. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002 — ingliz tilida ikki morfologik zamon (present va past) haqidagi yondashuv.
- Biber, D. va boshq. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 1999 — korpus ma’lumotlarida simple shakllarning boshqa ko‘rinishlardan ko‘p uchrashi.
