Future in the past — o‘tmishdagi bir paytdan qaraganda kelajak bo‘lgan harakat. Hikoya o‘tmishda ketyapti, lekin o‘sha paytda nimadir hali oldinda edi: I knew she would call — U qo‘ng‘iroq qilishini bilardim. Asosiy vositalar uchta: would (will ning o‘tmishdagi shakli), was/were going to (o‘tmishdagi reja) va was/were about to (endi sodir bo‘lmoqchi edi).
O‘zbekchada bu ma’no -moqchi edim, -adigan edi, -ishini bilardim shakllari bilan beriladi. Bormoqchi edim, lekin… — ingliz tilida eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan gaplardan biri va u aynan shu mavzuga tegishli.
Nuqtani o‘tmishga ko‘chirish
Kelasi zamonning har bir shaklini o‘tmishga “ko‘chirish” mumkin. Chap ustunda bugundan qaraymiz, o‘ng ustunda — o‘tmishdagi bir kundan:
| Bugundan qarab | O‘tmishdan qarab | O‘zbekcha (o‘tmishdan) |
|---|---|---|
| I think it will rain. | I thought it would rain. | Yomg‘ir yog‘adi deb o‘ylagandim. |
| I’m going to move to Tashkent. | I was going to move to Tashkent. | Toshkentga ko‘chmoqchi edim. |
| The film is about to start. | The film was about to start. | Film endi boshlanay deb turgan edi. |
| I’m meeting Aziz at six. | I was meeting Aziz at six, so I left early. | Soat oltida Aziz bilan uchrashuvim bor edi. |
| At noon I’ll be working. | She said at noon she’d be working. | Tushda ishlayotgan bo‘lishini aytdi. |
| By May I’ll have finished. | I hoped by May I’d have finished. | Mayga qadar tugatib bo‘laman deb umid qilgandim. |
Qoida oddiy: will → would, am/is/are → was/were. Qolgan hamma narsa o‘z joyida qoladi.
Beshta vosita
1. Would: o‘tmishdagi bashorat va bilim
Knew, thought, hoped, was sure, promised, said kabi fe’llardan keyin:
- I knew you would understand. — Tushunishingizni bilardim.
- We were sure the team would win. — Jamoa yutishiga ishonchimiz komil edi.
- He promised he would pay me back on Friday. — Juma kuni qarzini qaytarishga va’da berdi.
Hikoyada ham ishlatiladi: In 2015 Otabek left Fergana. He didn’t know yet that he would never live there again. — U yerda boshqa hech qachon yashamasligini o‘shanda hali bilmasdi.
2. Was going to: o‘tmishdagi reja (ko‘pincha amalga oshmagan)
Kundalik nutqda eng foydalisi. But bilan kelsa, reja bajarilmaganini bildiradi:
- I was going to call you, but my phone died. — Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoqchi edim, lekin telefonim o‘chib qoldi.
- We were going to have a picnic, but it rained. — Piknik qilmoqchi edik, lekin yomg‘ir yog‘di.
- She was going to study in Korea, but she got a grant in Tashkent. — Koreyada o‘qimoqchi edi, lekin Toshkentda grant yutdi.
Uzr so‘rash uchun tayyor qoliplar: I was going to tell you… (aytmoqchi edim), I was just going to ask… (endi so‘ramoqchi edim), I wasn’t going to say anything, but… (hech narsa demoqchi emasdim, lekin…).
Dalilga asoslangan bashorat ham o‘tmishga ko‘chadi: The sky was dark. It was going to rain. — Osmon qorong‘i edi. Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi aniq edi.
3. Was about to: endi, bir lahzada
Harakat juda yaqin edi, ko‘pincha when bilan uzilib qoladi:
- I was about to leave when the phone rang. — Endi chiqib ketmoqchi bo‘lib turgandim, telefon jiringlab qoldi.
- The shop was about to close, so we ran. — Do‘kon yopilay deb qolgan edi, shuning uchun yugurdik.
4. Was/were + -ing: kelishilgan uchrashuv
Present Continuous’dagi reja o‘tmishda Past Continuous bo‘ladi: I couldn’t come to the wedding. I was flying to Istanbul that evening. — O‘sha kuni kechqurun Istanbulga uchishim kerak edi.
5. Was to: rasmiy yoki taqdir ma’nosi
Kitob va tarixiy matnlarda uchraydi: He was to become one of the greatest poets of his time. — U o‘z davrining eng buyuk shoirlaridan biri bo‘lishi kerak edi (keyinchalik bo‘ldi). Nutqda kam, o‘qishda tanib olish yetarli.
16 zamon tizimidagi o‘rni
O‘zbekiston va MDH maktablarida ishlatiladigan ko‘p darslik va kurslar ingliz tilida 16 ta zamon bor deb o‘rgatadi. Bu 12 ta asosiy zamon va kelajakning to‘rtta “o‘tmishdagi” nusxasi:
| Zamon | Formula | Misol | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Future Simple in the Past | would + V1 | She said she would help. | Yordam berishini aytdi. |
| Future Continuous in the Past | would be + V-ing | He said he would be waiting at the gate. | Darvoza oldida kutib turishini aytdi. |
| Future Perfect in the Past | would have + V3 | I thought I would have finished by June. | Iyungacha tugatib bo‘laman deb o‘ylagandim. |
| Future Perfect Continuous in the Past | would have been + V-ing | She said by May she would have been working there for a year. | Mayga kelib u yerda ishlayotganiga bir yil bo‘lishini aytdi. |
Ko‘p xalqaro grammatika kitoblari bularni alohida zamon deb sanamaydi, chunki ular will ning would ga almashishidan boshqa narsa emas. Shuning uchun bir manbada 12, boshqasida 16 zamon deyiladi — ikkalasi ham o‘z yondashuvida to‘g‘ri. 16 ta shaklning hammasi bitta jadvalda ingliz tilida zamonlar jadvali sahifasida.
Reported speech bilan bog‘liqlik
Future in the past’ni eng ko‘p ko‘chirma gapda ishlatasiz. Birovning kelajak haqidagi gapini o‘tgan zamonda aytib bersangiz, will avtomatik would ga aylanadi:
| To‘g‘ri gap | Ko‘chirma gap |
|---|---|
| “I will send the documents.” | He said he would send the documents. |
| “We’re going to open a new branch.” | They said they were going to open a new branch. |
| “I’ll be working late.” | She told me she would be working late. |
Ko‘chirma gapning boshqa qoidalari (zamon siljishi, said va told, so‘z o‘zgarishlari) reported speech sahifasida.
Would ning uch ma’nosini adashtirmang
| Ma’no | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| O‘tmishdan qaraganda kelajak | I knew he would come. | Kelishini bilardim. |
| Shart (hozir, xayoliy) | If I had time, I would come. | Vaqtim bo‘lsa, kelardim. |
| O‘tmishdagi odat | Every summer we would go to Chimgan. | Har yozi Chimyonga borardik. |
Ma’noni kontekst ajratadi: oldida knew/said/thought bo‘lsa — future in the past; if bo‘lsa — shart; every summer, often bo‘lsa — odat. Would ning barcha vazifalari would qachon ishlatiladi sahifasida.
Tipik xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| I knew you will come. | I knew you would come. | asosiy fe’l o‘tmishda — would |
| I was going to called you. | I was going to call you. | going to dan keyin V1 |
| She said she would came. | She said she would come. | would dan keyin V1 |
| I was about leaving. | I was about to leave. | about to + V1 |
Birinchi xato o‘zbekcha gap qurilishidan: “keladi deb bilardim” da keladi hozirgi-kelasi shaklda qoladi. Inglizchada esa asosiy fe’l (knew) o‘tmishda bo‘lsa, ergash gapdagi will ham would bo‘ladi.
Mashq: 12 ta savol
A. Would, was/were going to yoki was/were about to bilan to‘ldiring.
- 1. I ______ (visit) you yesterday, but my car broke down.
- 2. She promised she ______ (bring) the book on Monday.
- 3. We ______ (go) to bed when we heard a strange noise.
- 4. Nobody thought that the small shop ______ (become) a big company.
- 5. They ______ (get) married in June, but they postponed the wedding.
- 6. The plane ______ (take off) when a passenger felt ill.
B. Ko‘chirma gapga aylantiring.
- 7. Kamola: “I will call you tonight.” → Kamola said…
- 8. Rustam: “I’m going to sell my car.” → Rustam said…
- 9. The teacher: “The test will be difficult.” → The teacher warned us…
C. Tarjima qiling.
- 10. Sizga aytmoqchi edim, lekin unutib qo‘ydim.
- 11. U kelishini bilardim.
- 12. Endi uxlamoqchi bo‘lib turgandim, eshik taqilladi.
Javoblar
1 — was going to visit; 2 — would bring; 3 — were about to go; 4 — would become; 5 — were going to get; 6 — was about to take off.
7 — Kamola said she would call me that night. 8 — Rustam said he was going to sell his car. 9 — The teacher warned us that the test would be difficult.
10 — I was going to tell you, but I forgot. 11 — I knew he / she would come. 12 — I was about to go to sleep when someone knocked on the door.
Izohlar:
- 3 va 6-gap: harakat “endi boshlanay deb turgan” paytda uzildi — about to.
- 4-gap: o‘tmishdagi odamlar fikri, kelajak haqida — would.
- 7-gap: tonight ko‘chirma gapda that night bo‘ladi, agar gap boshqa kuni aytilsa.
- 11-gap: o‘zbekcha u ham erkak, ham ayolni bildiradi, inglizchada he yoki she ni kontekstdan tanlang.
BandMate bilan mashq
I was going to…, but… qolipi har kungi suhbatda kerak: rejangiz o‘zgarganini tushuntirish, uzr so‘rash, hikoya aytish. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan o‘tgan hafta haqida gaplashing va kamida ikkita amalga oshmagan rejangizni shu qolip bilan ayting. Darslarda o‘tgan zamon va ko‘chirma gap o‘zbekcha izohlar bilan takrorlanadi.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
