Ingliz tilidagi 12 zamon aslida 3 × 4 jadval: uchta vaqt (past, present, future) va to‘rtta ko‘rinish (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). Vaqt “qachon?” degan savolga javob beradi, ko‘rinish esa “harakat qanday: fakt, jarayon, natija yoki davomiylik?” degan savolga. Kundalik nutqda eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladiganlari beshtasi: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Present Perfect va kelasi zamon (will / going to).
Zamonlar xaritasi: bitta fe’l, 12 shakl
| Past | Present | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | I worked | I work | I will work |
| Continuous | I was working | I am working | I will be working |
| Perfect | I had worked | I have worked | I will have worked |
| Perfect Continuous | I had been working | I have been working | I will have been working |
Jadvalni gorizontal o‘qing: Simple qatorida hamma joyda oddiy fakt. Vertikal o‘qing: Present ustunida hamma narsa hozirgi paytga bog‘liq. Formulani yodlash o‘rniga shu ikki o‘qni tushunsangiz, 12 zamonning har biri mantiqiy bo‘lib qoladi.
To‘rt ko‘rinish nimani bildiradi
- Simple — fakt, odat, ketma-ket voqealar. I work in a bank. I called him yesterday.
- Continuous (be + -ing) — ayni paytda davom etayotgan jarayon. I’m cooking right now.
- Perfect (have + V3) — bir paytdan oldin bo‘lgan va natijasi o‘sha paytga tegishli harakat. I’ve lost my keys (hozir kalit yo‘q).
- Perfect Continuous (have been + -ing) — bir paytgacha qancha vaqt davom etgani. I’ve been waiting for 40 minutes.
12 zamon: formula, misol va o‘zbekcha
| Zamon | Formula (+) | Misol | O‘zbekcha | Qachon ishlatiladi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | V / V+s | She works in Chilonzor. | U Chilonzorda ishlaydi. | Odat, doimiy fakt, jadval |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are + V-ing | She is working now. | U hozir ishlayapti. | Hozir, vaqtinchalik holat, reja |
| Present Perfect | have/has + V3 | She has finished the report. | U hisobotni tugatdi (tugatgan). | O‘tgan harakat, natija hozir |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have/has been + V-ing | She has been working here since 2022. | U 2022-yildan beri shu yerda ishlayapti. | Hozirgacha davom etayotgan muddat |
| Past Simple | V2 / V+ed | She worked late yesterday. | U kecha kech ishladi. | O‘tmishdagi tugagan voqea |
| Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | She was working when I called. | Qo‘ng‘iroq qilganimda u ishlayotgan edi. | O‘tmishdagi jarayon, fon |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | She had left before I arrived. | Men kelgunimcha u ketib bo‘lgan edi. | O‘tmishdagi voqeadan oldingisi |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had been + V-ing | She had been working for hours before the break. | Tanaffusgacha u soatlab ishlayotgan edi. | O‘tmishdagi paytgacha davomiylik |
| Future Simple | will + V | I will call you tonight. | Kechqurun qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman. | Qaror, va’da, bashorat |
| Future Continuous | will be + V-ing | At 9 tomorrow I’ll be working. | Ertaga soat 9 da ishlayotgan bo‘laman. | Kelajakdagi paytda jarayon |
| Future Perfect | will have + V3 | I’ll have finished by Friday. | Jumagacha tugatib bo‘lgan bo‘laman. | Kelajakdagi paytgacha tugaydi |
| Future Perfect Continuous | will have been + V-ing | In May I’ll have been working here for five years. | Mayda bu yerda ishlayotganimga besh yil bo‘ladi. | Kelajakdagi paytgacha davomiylik |
V2 — fe’lning o‘tgan zamon shakli (went), V3 — uchinchi shakli (gone). Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarni irregular verbs sahifasida hikoya orqali takrorlash mumkin.
Kelasi zamon uchun will yagona yo‘l emas. Oldindan qilingan reja uchun be going to (I’m going to study in Korea), aniq kelishilgan uchrashuv uchun Present Continuous (I’m meeting Aziz at 7) ko‘proq ishlatiladi.
Savol va inkor: bitta qoidani eslang
Yordamchi fe’l bor zamonlarda (be, have, will) savolda u egadan oldinga o‘tadi, inkorda esa unga not qo‘shiladi: Is she working? — She isn’t working. Have you finished? — I haven’t finished.
Yordamchi fe’l yo‘q ikki zamonda — Present Simple va Past Simple — do/does/did kerak: Do you work here? Did she call? Keyin fe’l asosiy shaklga qaytadi: Did she call? (Did she called? emas).
Vaqt so‘zlari: qaysi zamonga signal
| Signal | Odatda | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| every day, usually, often | Present Simple | I usually take the metro. |
| now, at the moment, today (vaqtinchalik) | Present Continuous | I’m staying with my aunt this week. |
| already, yet, ever, just, never | Present Perfect | Have you ever been to Bukhara? |
| for + muddat, since + nuqta | Present Perfect (Continuous) | I’ve lived here since 2019. |
| yesterday, last year, in 2020, ago | Past Simple | I moved here two years ago. |
| when / while + o‘tmish | Past Continuous + Past Simple | I was sleeping when you called. |
| by the time, before (o‘tmishda) | Past Perfect | The film had started by the time we arrived. |
| tomorrow, next week | will / going to / Present Continuous | I’m flying to Moscow next week. |
| by + kelajakdagi vaqt | Future Perfect | I’ll have saved enough by June. |
Signal so‘z qoida emas, yo‘l ko‘rsatkich: today bilan ham Past Simple bo‘lishi mumkin (I woke up late today).
O‘zbek va rus tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning 6 ta tipik xatosi
| Xato | Nega bo‘ladi | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|
| I am working here for three years. | O‘zbekcha “3 yildan beri ishlayapman” | I have been working here for three years. |
| I live in Tashkent since 2015. | Ruscha “живу с 2015” | I have lived in Tashkent since 2015. |
| Did you finish? — Yes, I finished just now. va I already ate hamma joyda | O‘zbek “-di” ham Past Simple, ham Present Perfect | Natija hozir muhim bo‘lsa: I’ve just finished. I’ve already eaten. (AQSh nutqida Past Simple ham uchraydi) |
| I have seen him yesterday. | “Ko‘rganman” | Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bo‘lsa, Past Simple: I saw him yesterday. |
| When I will come, I will call you. | O‘zbekcha “kelganimda” kelasi zamon ma’nosida | When I come, I’ll call you. (when/if dan keyin Present Simple) |
| I am knowing the answer. | “Bilyapman” | Holat fe’llari (know, like, want, need) odatda continuous bo‘lmaydi: I know the answer. |
Eng katta muammo — uchinchi qator. O‘zbekcha “ishni tugatdim” Past Simple ham, Present Perfect ham bo‘lishi mumkin. Savol bering: vaqt aniq aytilganmi? (yesterday, at 5) — Past Simple. Vaqt muhim emas, natija hozir muhim? — Present Perfect. Batafsil tushuntirish Present Perfect va Past Simple farqi sahifasida, “hozir” va “odat” farqi esa Present Simple va Present Continuous sahifasida.
Qaysi tartibda o‘rganish kerak
- Present Simple va Past Simple — o‘zingiz va o‘tgan kun haqida gapirish uchun.
- Present Continuous va going to — hozir va rejalar.
- Present Perfect — tajriba va natija (I’ve never been…, I’ve lost…).
- Past Continuous — hikoyada fon.
- Present Perfect Continuous — for/since bilan davomiylik.
- Qolgan beshtasi (Past Perfect, Future Continuous va boshqalar) — B1–B2 da, ko‘proq o‘qish va yozishda.
Grammatikani umumiy qaysi ketma-ketlikda o‘rganish haqida ingliz tili grammatikasi: nimadan boshlash sahifasida yozilgan.
Mashq: o‘zbekcha gapni to‘g‘ri zamonda tarjima qiling
- Men har kuni metroda ishga boraman.
- Hozir yomg‘ir yog‘yapti.
- Men bu filmni ko‘rganman. (tajriba)
- U kecha soat 8 da uyga keldi.
- Siz qo‘ng‘iroq qilganingizda men ovqat qilayotgan edim.
- Men Toshkentda 2018-yildan beri yashayapman.
- Biz yetib kelganimizda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi.
- Ertaga soat 10 da men imtihon topshirayotgan bo‘laman.
- Kelsang, senga qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman. (If…)
- Yil oxirigacha men 50 ta kitob o‘qib bo‘lgan bo‘laman.
Javoblar:
- 1. I go to work by metro every day. (Present Simple)
- 2. It’s raining now. (Present Continuous)
- 3. I’ve seen this film. (Present Perfect)
- 4. She / He came home at 8 yesterday. (Past Simple)
- 5. I was cooking when you called. (Past Continuous + Past Simple)
- 6. I’ve been living / I’ve lived in Tashkent since 2018. (Present Perfect Continuous yoki Present Perfect)
- 7. The train had left when we arrived. (Past Perfect)
- 8. At 10 tomorrow I’ll be taking an exam. (Future Continuous)
- 9. If you come, I’ll call you. (if dan keyin Present Simple)
- 10. By the end of the year I’ll have read 50 books. (Future Perfect)
8 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, har bir zamonda o‘zingiz haqingizda bittadan gap tuzing va ovoz chiqarib ayting. Xato bo‘lganlarini jadvaldagi “Qachon ishlatiladi” ustuni bilan solishtiring.
BandMate bilan mashq
Zamonlarni jadvaldan bilish va gapirganda to‘g‘ri tanlash — ikki xil ko‘nikma. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda o‘tgan hafta, hozirgi ish va rejalaringiz haqida gapirib, zamonlarni real vaqtda ishlatasiz; darslarda esa grammatika mavzulari qisqa mashqlar bilan takrorlanadi. Ilova fikri foydali yo‘l ko‘rsatkich, lekin u har bir grammatik nozik holatni tushuntiradigan darslik o‘rnini bosmaydi.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
