Past Simple tugagan o‘tmishdagi voqeani aytadi va ko‘pincha aniq vaqt bilan keladi: I went to Samarkand last summer. Present Perfect esa o‘tmishni hozir bilan bog‘laydi: hayotiy tajriba, hozir ko‘rinib turgan natija yoki hali tugamagan davr: I have been to Samarkand three times.
Oddiy test: gapda yoki kontekstda tugagan vaqt bormi (yesterday, in 2022, two days ago)? Bo‘lsa, Past Simple. Vaqt aytilmagan yoki davr hozir ham davom etyapti — Present Perfect.
Shakl jadvali
| Past Simple | Present Perfect | |
|---|---|---|
| Tasdiq | I worked / I went | I have worked / she has gone |
| Inkor | I didn’t work / didn’t go | I haven’t worked / she hasn’t gone |
| Savol | Did you work? | Have you worked? |
| Fe’l shakli | V2 (worked, went) | have/has + V3 (worked, gone) |
Regular fe’llarda V2 va V3 bir xil (worked – worked), shuning uchun farqni faqat have ko‘rsatadi. Irregular fe’llarda shakl ham farq qiladi: went / gone, saw / seen, wrote / written. V2 va V3 shakllarini irregular verbs sahifasidan takrorlang.
Beshta kontrast juftlik
1. Tajriba yoki aniq voqea
- I’ve been to Istanbul. — Hayotimda Istanbulda bo‘lganman (qachonligi muhim emas).
- I went to Istanbul in 2023. — Aniq vaqt bor.
2. Hozirgi natija yoki tugagan voqea
- I’ve lost my keys. — Kalit hozir ham yo‘q, uyga kira olmayman.
- I lost my keys yesterday, but I found them in the car. — Voqea tugagan, natija yo‘q.
3. Tugamagan yoki tugagan davr
- I’ve drunk four cups of tea today. — Bugun hali tugamagan.
- I drank four cups of tea yesterday. — Kecha tugagan.
Ehtiyot bo‘ling: this morning ertalab soat 9 da aytilsa Present Perfect (I’ve had two meetings this morning), kechqurun aytilsa Past Simple (I had two meetings this morning), chunki ertalab tugab bo‘lgan.
4. Hozirgacha davom etayotgan holat yoki tugagan holat
- I’ve lived in Tashkent since 2020. — Hali ham Toshkentda yashayman.
- I lived in Bukhara for ten years. — Endi Buxoroda yashamayman.
5. Yangilik va uning tafsiloti
- Our exam results have come out! — Yangilik, hozir muhim.
- They came out at ten this morning, and I got a 6.5. — Tafsilot aytilganda Past Simple’ga o‘tiladi.
Beshinchi juftlik suhbatda eng ko‘p uchraydi: yangilikni Present Perfect bilan boshlab, keyin qachon, qayerda, qanday bo‘lganini Past Simple bilan aytasiz.
Signal so‘zlar
| Past Simple bilan | Present Perfect bilan |
|---|---|
| yesterday, last week, last year | ever, never |
| two days ago, a long time ago | already, yet, just |
| in 2019, on Monday, at 5 p.m. | so far, up to now, recently |
| when I was a child | since 2020, for three years (davom etsa) |
| What time…? When…? | How long…? How many times…? |
| this morning (tugagan bo‘lsa) | today, this week (tugamagan bo‘lsa) |
When bilan savol deyarli har doim Past Simple talab qiladi: When did you arrive? — When have you arrived? emas.
O‘zbekcha -gan va -di bilan solishtirish
O‘zbekchada ham ikki xil o‘tgan zamon bor, lekin chegara boshqa joydan o‘tadi.
- -gan + man ko‘pincha tajribani bildiradi: Men Londonda bo‘lganman = I’ve been to London. Bu yerda moslik yaxshi.
- Lekin o‘zbekchada -gan aniq vaqt bilan ham ishlatiladi: Men 2022-yilda Londonda bo‘lganman. Inglizchada bu faqat Past Simple: I was in London in 2022. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato aynan shu yerda: I have been to London in 2022.
- -dan beri + hozirgi zamon: 2020-yildan beri Toshkentda yashayman. O‘zbekcha “yashayman” deydi, inglizcha esa Present Perfect talab qiladi: I’ve lived (I’ve been living) in Tashkent since 2020. I live here since 2020 — xato.
Rus tilida maktabda o‘qiganlar uchun yana bir tuzoq bor: ruschada o‘tgan zamon bitta (был, ходил, сделал), shuning uchun hamma joyda Past Simple ishlatib yuboriladi: Did you ever try plov? o‘rniga Have you ever tried plov?
Been yoki gone
- He’s gone to Moscow. — U Moskvaga ketgan, hozir o‘sha yerda.
- He’s been to Moscow. — U Moskvada bo‘lib qaytgan.
Have you ever been to…? savolida doim been, chunki borib-kelish tajribasi so‘ralyapti.
Amerika ingliz tili haqida qisqa izoh
Amerika og‘zaki nutqida just, already, yet bilan Past Simple ham eshitiladi: Did you eat yet? I already did it. Britaniya ingliz tilida va imtihonda xavfsiz variant Present Perfect: Have you eaten yet? I’ve already done it. Ikkala variantni tushuning, lekin o‘zingiz bittasini izchil ishlating.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar ko‘p qiladigan 10 ta xato
| Xato | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. |
| I have been in Samarkand last summer. | I was in Samarkand last summer. |
| She has finished school two years ago. | She finished school two years ago. |
| When have you arrived? | When did you arrive? |
| I live here since 2019. | I’ve lived here since 2019. |
| How long do you know him? | How long have you known him? |
| Did you ever be in London? | Have you ever been to London? |
| I didn’t finish my homework yet. | I haven’t finished my homework yet. |
| I have went there twice. | I have been there twice. |
| It’s the first time I see snow. | It’s the first time I’ve seen snow. |
Oxirgi qatorga e’tibor bering: It’s the first time… dan keyin inglizcha Present Perfect talab qiladi, garchi o‘zbekcha “birinchi marta ko‘ryapman” desa ham.
IELTS Speaking’da qanday ishlaydi
Part 1’da “Have you ever…?” savollari tez-tez keladi. Yaxshi javob tuzilmasi: qisqa Present Perfect javob, keyin Past Simple’da aniq voqea.
Examiner: Have you ever been to a museum in your city?
Nomzod: Yes, I have, a few times actually. The last time I went was in March, when I took my younger cousins to the History Museum in Tashkent. They loved the old coins, so we stayed there for almost two hours.
Bu namunaviy mashq javobi, rasmiy imtihon savoli emas. Birinchi gap savolga javob beradi, keyingilari tafsilot va zamonlarni to‘g‘ri almashtirishni ko‘rsatadi. Boshqa Part 1–3 savollari uchun IELTS Speaking savollari va javoblari sahifasini, grammatika qanday baholanishi uchun esa IELTS Speaking grammatika qo‘llanmasini ko‘ring.
Mashq: to‘g‘ri zamonni tanlang
Qavsdagi fe’lni Past Simple yoki Present Perfect shaklida yozing.
- I ______ (never / try) sushi.
- We ______ (move) to Chilonzor in 2021.
- ______ you ______ (finish) the report yet?
- My brother ______ (live) in Seoul since last year.
- When ______ you ______ (start) learning English?
- Oh no, I ______ (forget) my password. I can’t log in.
- She ______ (work) at a bank for five years, but then she changed jobs.
- This is the first time I ______ (fly) alone.
- ______ you ______ (see) the new film at the weekend?
- The price of bread ______ (go up) three times this year.
Javoblar:
1 — have never tried; 2 — moved; 3 — Have … finished; 4 — has lived (yoki has been living); 5 — did … start; 6 — have forgotten (I’ve forgotten); 7 — worked; 8 — have flown; 9 — Did … see; 10 — has gone up.
7-gapda for five years bor, lekin u holat tugagan (then she changed jobs), shuning uchun Past Simple. For o‘zi Present Perfect signali emas; muhimi, holat hozir davom etyaptimi yoki yo‘qmi.
Keyingi qadam sifatida barcha zamonlar bir-biriga qanday bog‘lanishini 12 zamon xaritasida ko‘ring.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda sayohatlaringiz, tajribangiz va yangiliklaringiz haqida gapirib, ikki zamonni real javobda almashtirishni mashq qilishingiz mumkin. IELTS Speaking mock rejimida “Have you ever…?” turidagi savollarga javob berasiz va AI fikrini olasiz. Bu fikr o‘rganish uchun yordam, rasmiy band emas.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
