Past Simple o‘tmishdagi voqeani oddiygina aytadi: The train left at 7:40. Past Perfect (had + V3) esa o‘tmishdagi boshqa bir voqeadan oldin bo‘lgan ishni ko‘rsatadi: When I got to the station, the train had already left. Agar gapda faqat bitta o‘tmish voqea bo‘lsa yoki voqealar tartib bilan aytilgan bo‘lsa, had kerak emas — Past Simple yetarli.
Demak, had “uzoq o‘tmish” belgisi emas, “undan ham oldinroq” belgisi. Shakllarni takrorlash uchun Past Perfect qoidasi va Past Simple qoidasi sahifalari bor. Bu sahifa ikkalasining chegarasi haqida.
Vaqt chizig‘i: Madinaning ertalabi
Bir ertalabni daqiqama-daqiqa yozib chiqamiz:
| Vaqt | Nima bo‘ldi |
|---|---|
| 7:30 | Madinaning onasi nonushta tayyorladi. |
| 7:40 | Poyezd Toshkent vokzalidan jo‘nab ketdi. |
| 7:45 | Madina vokzalga yetib keldi. |
| 7:50 | Madina Bekzodga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. |
Endi 7:45 ni “hozir” deb olamiz, ya’ni hikoya shu nuqtada turibdi. Undan oldingi har qanday voqea had oladi, keyingi yoki bir vaqtdagi voqea esa Past Simple:
- When Madina arrived at the station, the train had left. — 7:40 voqeasi 7:45 dan oldin: had.
- When Madina arrived at the station, she called Bekzod. — 7:50 voqeasi keyin: Past Simple.
Hikoyani oddiy tartibda aytsangiz, had umuman kerak bo‘lmaydi: Madina’s mother made breakfast. The train left at 7:40. Madina arrived at 7:45 and called Bekzod. Voqealar vaqt bo‘yicha ketma-ket kelgani uchun tinglovchi adashmaydi. Had faqat siz tartibni buzib, orqaga qaytganingizda kerak.
Zamon almashsa, ma’no almashadi
Quyidagi juftliklarda bitta so‘z o‘zgaradi, voqealar tartibi esa butunlay boshqa bo‘ladi:
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
|---|---|
| When we arrived, the film started. — Biz kelgach, film boshlandi (vaqtida yetib keldik). | When we arrived, the film had started. — Biz kelganimizda film boshlanib bo‘lgan edi (kechikdik). |
| When I got home, my wife cooked dinner. — Men kelgach, xotinim ovqat qildi. | When I got home, my wife had cooked dinner. — Men kelganimda ovqat tayyor edi. |
| When the teacher came in, the students stood up. — O‘qituvchi kirgach, o‘quvchilar o‘rnidan turdi (hurmat belgisi). | When the teacher came in, the students had left. — O‘qituvchi kirganida o‘quvchilar ketib bo‘lgan edi. |
| He told me he worked at a bank. — U bankda ishlashini aytdi (hozir ham). | He told me he had worked at a bank. — U avval bankda ishlaganini aytdi (endi ishlamaydi). |
| I felt ill because I ate too much osh. — Ko‘p osh yegani uchun o‘zimni yomon his qildim. | I felt ill because I had eaten too much osh. — Ma’no bir xil, had tartibni ta’kidlaydi, xolos. |
Oxirgi juftlik muhim: sabab-natija gapida tartib because dan aniq, shuning uchun ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri. Birinchi to‘rt juftlikda esa had ni olib tashlasangiz, voqea butunlay o‘zgaradi.
Had qachon shart
1. When bilan, tartib faqat zamondan bilinadigan bo‘lsa. When “-ganda” ham, “-gach” ham bo‘lishi mumkin. Qaysi biri ekanini zamon ko‘rsatadi: When I called him, he had gone to bed (qo‘ng‘iroq qilganimda u yotib bo‘lgan edi).
2. By the time bilan. Bu ibora “... bo‘lgunicha, allaqachon” degan ma’no beradi, shuning uchun asosiy gapda deyarli doim had: By the time the ambulance came, the neighbours had helped him.
3. Hayotdagi birinchi tajriba o‘tmishga qaraganda. Hozirgi paytdan qarasak Present Perfect: I’ve never seen snow. Xuddi shu gap o‘tmishdagi nuqtadan qaralsa, Past Perfect’ga o‘tadi: Before I moved to Moscow, I had never seen so much snow. It was the first time I had flown qolipi ham shunday.
4. Birovning gapini o‘tmishda aytib berganda, agar u gap o‘zidan ham oldingi voqea haqida bo‘lsa: Aziz said he had lost his passport. (Aziz: “I lost my passport.”) Bu mavzu reported speech mashqlari sahifasida kengroq.
Had qachon keraksiz
1. After va before tartibni o‘zi ko‘rsatsa. After I finished work, I went to the gym — to‘g‘ri va tabiiy. After I had finished work, I went to the gym ham to‘g‘ri, lekin ortiqcha rasmiy eshitiladi. Og‘zaki nutqda after bilan Past Simple yetarli. Qoidani shunday eslang: after “oldin” vazifasini o‘zi bajaradi, had esa ikkinchi marta bajaradi.
2. Voqealar tartib bilan kelsa. I woke up, checked my phone and saw ten missed calls. Hech qayerda had kerak emas.
3. Bitta o‘tmish voqea va aniq vaqt bo‘lsa. I visited Khiva in 2019. Taqqoslanadigan ikkinchi nuqta yo‘q, demak had visited xato.
4. Bir lahzada bo‘lgan ikki voqea. When the phone rang, I answered it. Bu ikki harakat bir-biriga ulangan, orasida “oldin-keyin” tahlili kerak emas.
-gan edi tuzog‘i: o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilari uchun
O‘zbek tilida Past Perfect’ning deyarli aynan o‘xshashi bor: “-b bo‘lgan edi”, “-gan edi”. Men kelganimda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi — When I came, the train had left. Bu juda qulay. Lekin o‘zbekcha “-gan edi” yana bir vazifani ham bajaradi: uzoq o‘tmishni yoki xotirani oddiygina aytish. Men 2015-yilda Samarqandga borgan edim — bu yerda hech qanday “oldinroq” voqea yo‘q, bu shunchaki eslash.
Shuning uchun o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilari ko‘pincha shunday xato qiladi:
| O‘zbekcha | Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|
| Men 2015-yilda Samarqandga borgan edim. | I had gone to Samarkand in 2015. | I went to Samarkand in 2015. |
| Bolaligimda bobom menga ko‘p ertak aytib bergan edi. | My grandfather had told me many stories in my childhood. | My grandfather told me a lot of stories when I was a child. |
| Kecha sizga aytgan edim-ku! | I had told you yesterday! | I told you yesterday! |
| U kelganida men uxlab qolgan edim. | When he came, I slept. | When he came, I had fallen asleep. |
Tekshirish usuli oddiy: o‘zbekcha gapda “-gan edi” ni ko‘rsangiz, o‘zingizdan so‘rang — “undan keyin bo‘lgan boshqa o‘tmish voqea gapda bormi?” Bo‘lmasa, Past Simple.
Hikoyada qanday aralashtiriladi
Hikoya Past Simple’da ketadi, Past Perfect faqat “orqaga qarash” uchun bir-ikki marta chiqadi:
Last Friday I went to a job interview at a bank in Tashkent City. I was nervous because I had never had an interview in English before. The manager asked me about my last job. Luckily, I had prepared answers the night before, so I spoke calmly. When I left the building, I realised I had forgotten my umbrella inside.
| Fe’l | Zamon | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| went, was, asked, spoke, left, realised | Past Simple | hikoyaning asosiy chizig‘i |
| had never had | Past Perfect | shu kungacha bo‘lgan tajriba |
| had prepared | Past Perfect | intervyudan oldingi kecha |
| had forgotten | Past Perfect | binodan chiqishdan oldin qolgan soyabon |
Hikoya aytayotganda eng ko‘p uchraydigan ikkinchi xato — har gapga had qo‘yish. Yuqoridagi matnda to‘qqizta fe’ldan faqat uchtasi had oldi. Past Continuous bilan birga ishlatilishi haqida Past Simple va Past Continuous farqi sahifasini o‘qing.
Mashq: 12 ta gap
A. Past Simple yoki Past Perfect? Qavsdagi fe’lni yozing.
- 1. When we got to the cinema, the film ______ (already / start), so we missed the beginning.
- 2. I ______ (buy) a new laptop last month.
- 3. After she ______ (finish) her homework, she ______ (call) her friend.
- 4. By the time the police arrived, the thief ______ (escape).
- 5. It was the first time I ______ (taste) sumalak.
- 6. When the guests arrived, my mother ______ (serve) tea. (mehmonlar kelgach, choy uzatdi)
- 7. When the guests arrived, my mother ______ (make) three kinds of salad. (salatlar tayyor edi)
- 8. I ______ (get) up, ______ (have) a shower and ______ (leave) for work.
B. Xatoni toping va tuzating. Ikkita gap to‘g‘ri.
- 9. I had visited Bukhara two years ago.
- 10. When I opened the fridge, I saw that somebody ate my cake.
- 11. Before I moved to Tashkent, I had never used the metro.
- 12. After I watched the news, I went to bed.
Javoblar
1 — had already started; 2 — bought; 3 — finished (yoki had finished) / called; 4 — had escaped; 5 — had tasted; 6 — served; 7 — had made; 8 — got / had / left.
9 — I visited Bukhara two years ago. 10 — When I opened the fridge, I saw that somebody had eaten my cake. 11 — To‘g‘ri. 12 — To‘g‘ri.
Izohlar:
- 1-gap: filmning boshlanishi bizning kelishimizdan oldin; missed the beginning ham shuni tasdiqlaydi.
- 3-gap: after tartibni ko‘rsatib turibdi, shuning uchun finished ham, had finished ham to‘g‘ri.
- 6 va 7-gaplar: bir xil boshlanish. 6-gapda choy mehmonlar kelgandan keyin uzatildi — Past Simple. 7-gapda salatlar ulardan oldin tayyorlangan — Past Perfect.
- 8-gap: ketma-ket voqealar, had kerak emas.
- 9-gap: bitta voqea va aniq vaqt (two years ago). Taqqoslanadigan ikkinchi o‘tmish nuqta yo‘q.
- 10-gap: tortni yeyish muzlatgichni ochishdan oldin bo‘lgan, shuning uchun had eaten.
Aralash zamonlar bilan o‘zingizni sinamoqchi bo‘lsangiz, zamonlar aralash testi keyingi qadam.
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