Past Simple o‘tmishdagi harakatni boshidan oxirigacha, tugagan holda ko‘rsatadi: I cooked dinner — kechki ovqatni pishirdim. Past Continuous esa o‘sha harakatning o‘rtasiga kirib qaraydi: I was cooking dinner — kechki ovqat pishirayotgan edim, hali tugamagan edi. Ikkalasi bitta gapda kelsa, uzoq fon Continuous, uni bo‘lgan qisqa voqea Simple bo‘ladi: I was cooking dinner when the lights went out.
Bu sahifada har bir zamonning qoidasi qayta tushuntirilmaydi. Formulalarni takrorlash kerak bo‘lsa, Past Simple qoidasi va Past Continuous qoidasi sahifalarini oching. Bu yerda faqat bitta savol: ikki zamondan qaysi birini tanlash kerak va tanlov ma’noni qanday o‘zgartiradi.
Farq bitta jadvalda
Ikki zamonni kinoga o‘xshatish mumkin. Past Simple — butun sahna, boshidan oxirigacha ko‘rsatilgan. Past Continuous — pauza bosilgan kadr: harakat ekranda to‘xtab turibdi, lekin tugamagan.
| Belgi | Past Simple | Past Continuous |
|---|---|---|
| Shakl | V2 / -ed: worked, went | was/were + V-ing: was working |
| Nimani ko‘rsatadi | tugagan, butun harakat | davom etayotgan, o‘rtasidagi harakat |
| O‘zbekcha | ishladim, bordi | ishlayotgan edim, borayotgan edi |
| Qaysi savolga javob | What happened? | What was happening at that moment? |
| Hikoyadagi o‘rni | voqealar zanjiri, asosiy harakat | fon, muhit, sahna |
| Ketma-ket harakatlar | He opened the door, looked around and left. | bunday ishlatilmaydi |
| Vaqt so‘zlari | yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago | at 8 p.m., at that moment, all evening |
| Holat fe’llari (know, want, like) | ishlatiladi | ishlatilmaydi |
O‘zbekcha shakllarga e’tibor bering, chunki bitta tuzoq aynan shu yerda. O‘qiyotgan edim — Past Continuous. Lekin o‘qirdim (bolaligimda ko‘p o‘qirdim) — bu odat, u I read a lot yoki I used to read a lot bo‘ladi, I was reading emas. “-ardi” qo‘shimchasini ko‘rib Continuous qo‘yish o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarida tez-tez uchraydi.
Zamon almashsa, ma’no almashadi: 10 juft gap
Quyidagi juftliklarda so‘zlar deyarli bir xil, faqat zamon boshqa. Har birini ovoz chiqarib o‘qing va farqni o‘zbekcha ayting.
- 1a. When I arrived, they had lunch. — Men kelgach, ular tushlik qildi (avval keldim, keyin ovqatlanishdi).
- 1b. When I arrived, they were having lunch. — Men kelganimda ular tushlik qilayotgan edi (ovqat allaqachon boshlangan).
- 2a. I read a book yesterday. — Kecha kitob o‘qidim (ehtimol, oxirigacha).
- 2b. I was reading a book yesterday. — Kecha kitob o‘qiyotgan edim (tugatganim noma’lum).
- 3a. What did you do when the earthquake started? — Zilzila boshlanganda nima qildingiz? (reaksiya: tashqariga chiqdingizmi?)
- 3b. What were you doing when the earthquake started? — Zilzila boshlanganda nima qilayotgan edingiz? (o‘sha paytdagi ish: uxlayotganmidingiz?)
- 4a. Aziz built a house last year. — Aziz o‘tgan yili uy qurdi (uy tayyor).
- 4b. Aziz was building a house last year. — Aziz o‘tgan yili uy qurayotgan edi (tugadimi, gap bunda emas).
- 5a. I wrote a message to my teacher. — Ustozimga xabar yozdim (yuborilgan).
- 5b. I was writing a message to my teacher when my phone died. — Xabar yozayotganimda telefon o‘chib qoldi (xabar yuborilmagan).
- 6a. She crossed the road when the light turned green. — Chiroq yashil bo‘lgach, u yo‘ldan o‘tdi.
- 6b. She was crossing the road when the light turned red. — U yo‘ldan o‘tayotganida chiroq qizil bo‘lib qoldi.
- 7a. We watched the match at Bunyodkor stadium. — O‘yinni stadionda ko‘rdik.
- 7b. We were watching the match when it started to rain. — O‘yinni ko‘rayotganimizda yomg‘ir boshlandi.
- 8a. The bus stopped when I ran to it. — Men yugurib borgach, avtobus to‘xtadi (haydovchi meni ko‘rdi).
- 8b. The bus was stopping when I ran to it. — Men yugurganimda avtobus to‘xtayotgan edi (baribir to‘xtashga kelayotgan edi).
- 9a. I lived in Samarkand in 2020. — 2020-yilda Samarqandda yashadim (oddiy fakt).
- 9b. I was living in Samarkand in 2020, so I missed the event. — 2020-yilda vaqtincha Samarqandda yashayotgan edim, shuning uchun tadbirga bora olmadim (o‘sha yilgi vaziyat, fon).
- 10a. My neighbour complained about the noise. — Qo‘shnim shovqindan shikoyat qildi (bir marta).
- 10b. My neighbour was always complaining about the noise. — Qo‘shnim doim shovqindan shikoyat qilaverardi (jonga tekkan odat).
Oxirgi juftlik alohida: always bilan Past Continuous takrorlangan, gapiruvchining jahlini chiqargan odatni bildiradi. Bu yerda “-averardi” tarjimasi eng yaqin.
Qaysi zamon? To‘rt savollik tekshiruv
Gap tuzayotganda ikkilansangiz, shu savollarni tartib bilan bering:
- 1-savol. Fe’l holatni bildiradimi? Know, want, like, need, believe, belong, understand bo‘lsa — Past Simple, boshqa yo‘l yo‘q: I didn’t know his name.
- 2-savol. Harakat bir nechta ketma-ket voqeaning biri emasmi? I got up, washed my face and made tea — hammasi Simple. Ketma-ketlik bor joyda Continuous kerak emas.
- 3-savol. Siz o‘tmishdagi bitta nuqtada harakatning ichida turibsizmi? Soat, boshqa voqea yoki “o‘sha payt” bo‘lsa va harakat o‘sha nuqtadan oldin boshlanib, keyin ham davom etgan bo‘lsa — Continuous: At 9 p.m. I was studying.
- 4-savol. Tugagani, natijasi muhimmi? Muhim bo‘lsa — Simple: I finished the report. Jarayon, fon, “band edim” ma’nosi muhim bo‘lsa — Continuous.
When va while: ikki zamon uchrashadigan joy
When va while o‘zi zamon tanlamaydi, uning oldidagi va keyingi harakat qanday ekani tanlaydi. Uchta asosiy qolip bor:
| Qolip | Misol | Ma’no |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous + when + Simple | I was sleeping when you called. | uzoq ishni qisqa voqea bo‘ldi |
| Simple + when + Simple | When you called, I woke up. | bir voqea ikkinchisini keltirib chiqardi, ketma-ket |
| Continuous + while + Continuous | I was cooking while he was cleaning. | ikki uzoq ish bir vaqtda |
Ikki narsani eslab qoling. Birinchisi: while dan keyin deyarli doim davom etgan harakat keladi, shuning uchun while I cooked emas, while I was cooking tabiiyroq. Ikkinchisi: when I was a child, when I was at school kabi iboralardagi was Continuous emas, bu oddiy be fe’li: When I was ten, I broke my arm.
Hikoyada ikki zamon qanday ishlaydi
Hikoyada Past Continuous sahnani “bo‘yaydi”, Past Simple esa voqeani oldinga suradi. Mana qisqa hikoya:
Last August I was attending my cousin’s wedding in Namangan. The music was playing, children were running between the tables and the older guests were talking about the harvest. I was carrying a big plate of osh to our table when somebody touched my shoulder. I turned round and saw my old classmate Sardor. We hadn’t met for eight years. I almost dropped the plate. We laughed, sat down together and talked until midnight.
| Fe’l | Zamon | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| was attending, was playing, were running, were talking | Continuous | fon: to‘y ketayotgan, hamma nimadir qilayotgan |
| was carrying | Continuous | uzoq harakat, keyin bo‘linadi |
| touched | Simple | uzoq harakatni bo‘lgan qisqa voqea |
| turned, saw, almost dropped, laughed, sat, talked | Simple | ketma-ket voqealar zanjiri |
| hadn’t met | Past Perfect | hikoyadan oldingi vaqtga qaytish |
Oxirgi qatordagi hadn’t met uchinchi zamon: u hikoya vaqtidan oldinroqqa qaraydi. Bu chegara haqida Past Perfect va Past Simple farqi sahifasida batafsil yozilgan.
IELTS Speaking Part 2 yoki CEFR og‘zaki qismidagi “biror voqeani aytib bering” topshirig‘ida xuddi shu qolip ishlaydi: ikki-uch gap fon, bitta when, keyin Past Simple’dagi voqealar.
Ikki zamon chalkashganda qilinadigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| I was waking up at 7, was taking a shower and was going to work. | I woke up at 7, took a shower and went to work. | ketma-ket voqealar — Simple |
| When I was a child, I was reading a lot of books. | When I was a child, I read a lot of books. | “o‘qirdim” odat, Continuous emas |
| Yesterday I was watching a film. It was good. | Yesterday I watched a film. It was good. | fon ham, bo‘luvchi voqea ham yo‘q |
| While I walked to the metro, I met Dilshod. | While I was walking to the metro, I met Dilshod. | while dan keyin davom etgan ish |
| I was wanting to call you. | I wanted to call you. | holat fe’li |
| When she was opening the door, she saw a cat. | When she opened the door, she saw a cat. | eshikni ochish bir lahzalik harakat |
Mashq: 20 ta gap
A. Past Simple yoki Past Continuous? Qavsdagi fe’lni to‘g‘ri shaklga qo‘ying.
- 1. I ______ (sleep) when the alarm ______ (go) off.
- 2. Yesterday my brother ______ (buy) a new phone.
- 3. At 10 o’clock last night we ______ (still / work) on the project.
- 4. She ______ (open) the window, ______ (look) outside and ______ (smile).
- 5. While the teacher ______ (explain) the rule, two students ______ (play) on their phones.
- 6. When the guests ______ (arrive), my mother ______ (put) the food on the table. (mehmonlar kelgach, onam dasturxonga ovqat qo‘ydi)
- 7. When the guests ______ (arrive), my mother ______ (still / cook). (ovqat hali tayyor emas edi)
- 8. I ______ (not / hear) the phone because I ______ (listen) to music.
- 9. He ______ (know) the answer, but he ______ (not / say) anything.
- 10. We ______ (drive) to Chorvoq when we ______ (see) the accident.
- 11. When I was a student, I ______ (walk) to university every day.
- 12. What ______ you ______ (do) at this time yesterday?
B. Ikki gapdan qaysi biri berilgan ma’noga mos?
- 13. Ma’no: xat yuborilmadi. (a) I wrote a letter when the electricity went off. (b) I was writing a letter when the electricity went off.
- 14. Ma’no: u meni ko‘rgach, o‘rnidan turdi. (a) When I came in, he stood up. (b) When I came in, he was standing up.
- 15. Ma’no: Laylo jonga tegadigan odat bilan kechikardi. (a) Laylo was always coming late. (b) Laylo came late.
- 16. Ma’no: film tugagan. (a) We were watching a film last night. (b) We watched a film last night.
C. Xatoni toping va tuzating. Bitta gap to‘g‘ri.
- 17. While I cooked, the doorbell was ringing.
- 18. I was knowing the way, so I didn’t use the map.
- 19. It was snowing when we left the house.
- 20. Yesterday I was going to the bazaar and was buying some fruit.
Javoblar
1 — was sleeping / went; 2 — bought; 3 — were still working; 4 — opened / looked / smiled; 5 — was explaining / were playing; 6 — arrived / put; 7 — arrived / was still cooking; 8 — didn’t hear / was listening; 9 — knew / didn’t say; 10 — were driving / saw; 11 — walked; 12 — were … doing.
13 — b; 14 — a; 15 — a; 16 — b.
17 — While I was cooking, the doorbell rang. 18 — I knew the way, so I didn’t use the map. 19 — To‘g‘ri. 20 — Yesterday I went to the bazaar and bought some fruit.
Izohlar:
- 4-gap: uchta ketma-ket qisqa harakat, hammasi Simple. Continuous qo‘ysangiz, voqealar tartibi yo‘qoladi.
- 6 va 7-gaplar: bir xil boshlanish, lekin ma’no boshqa. 6-gapda ovqat qo‘yish mehmonlar kelgandan keyin boshlangan; 7-gapda pishirish ular kelmasdan oldin boshlangan va davom etayotgan edi.
- 11-gap: har kuni takrorlangan odat, fon emas. Was walking bu yerda noto‘g‘ri, used to walk esa to‘g‘ri variant.
- 14-gap: (b) varianti “men kirganimda u o‘rnidan turayotgan edi” degan ma’no beradi: turish mening kirishimdan oldin boshlangan.
- 17-gap: qo‘ng‘iroq qisqa voqea, pishirish esa uzoq fon. Zamonlar o‘rin almashgan edi.
- 20-gap: gapda aniq nuqta ham, bo‘luvchi voqea ham yo‘q, ikki harakat ketma-ket — Simple.
16 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri javob bo‘lsa, farqni tushungansiz. Keyingi qadam — Past Continuous mashqlari va hikoya tuzishni ko‘proq mashq qilish.
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