Reported speech (indirect speech, o‘zlashtirma gap) — birovning gapini o‘z so‘zingiz bilan yetkazish: “I’m tired,” she said → She said (that) she was tired. Asosiy qoida: yetkazuvchi fe’l o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lsa (said, told, asked), gapdagi zamon odatda bir qadam orqaga suriladi, olmosh va vaqt so‘zlari esa yangi vaziyatga moslanadi. Quyida jadval, savol va buyruqlarni yetkazish, 16 ta reporting verb, o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarning tipik xatolari va javobli mashq bor.
Nega o‘zbek va rus tilida gapiradiganlarga bu qiyin
O‘zbekchada gapni ko‘pincha zamonini o‘zgartirmay yetkazamiz: U “bandman” dedi yoki U band ekanini aytdi. Rus tilida ham: Он сказал, что занят. Ikkala tilda ham fe’l hozirgi shaklda qoladi. Inglizchada esa kechagi gapni yetkazsangiz, He said he is busy emas, He said he was busy deysiz, chunki u band bo‘lgan payt o‘tib ketgan.
Ikkinchi to‘siq — so‘z tartibi. O‘zbekchada so‘roq gapni yetkazganda ham so‘roq ohangi qolishi mumkin: U qayerda ishlashimni so‘radi. Inglizchada yetkazilgan savol darak gap tartibiga o‘tadi: He asked where I worked, where did I work emas.
Uch qadamda yetkazish
Dushanba kuni hamkasbingiz Dilnoza sizga shunday dedi: “I will send you the file tomorrow.” Juma kuni siz buni rahbaringizga aytyapsiz.
- Yetkazuvchi fe’lni tanlang: said yoki told me.
- Olmoshlarni almashtiring: I → she, you → me.
- Zamon va vaqtni suring: will → would, tomorrow → the next day (chunki “ertaga” allaqachon o‘tgan).
Natija: Dilnoza said she would send me the file the next day.
Agar o‘sha kuniyoq, dushanbaning o‘zida yetkazsangiz, tomorrow hali ham ertaga bo‘ladi: Dilnoza said she’d send me the file tomorrow. Vaqt so‘zlari mexanik almashtirilmaydi, ular siz gapirayotgan real vaqtga qarab tanlanadi.
Zamonlar siljish jadvali (backshift)
| Ko‘chirma gap (direct) | Reported speech | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | Past simple | “I work at a bank.” → He said he worked at a bank. |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | “I’m waiting outside.” → She said she was waiting outside. |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | “I’ve finished the report.” → He said he had finished the report. |
| Past simple | Past perfect (ko‘pincha o‘zgarmaydi) | “I lost my phone.” → She said she had lost her phone. |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous yoki o‘zgarmaydi | “I was sleeping.” → He said he had been sleeping. |
| will | would | “I’ll call you.” → She said she would call me. |
| can | could | “I can’t come.” → He said he couldn’t come. |
| may | might | “It may rain.” → They said it might rain. |
| must | had to (yoki must) | “You must register online.” → The teacher said we had to register online. |
| am/is/are going to | was/were going to | “We’re going to move.” → They said they were going to move. |
Would, could, should, might, ought to va past perfect o‘zgarmaydi: “You should rest.” → She said I should rest.
Vaqt va joy so‘zlari
| Ko‘chirma gapda | Keyinroq yetkazganda |
|---|---|
| now | then, at that time |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day |
| next week | the following week |
| last month | the month before, the previous month |
| two days ago | two days before, two days earlier |
| here | there |
| this (week, room) | that (week, room) |
Qachon zamon siljimaydi
- Yetkazuvchi fe’l hozirgi zamonda: telefonda eshitib, darhol yetkazyapsiz — He says he’s running late.
- Gap hali ham to‘g‘ri: She said she lives in Chilonzor (hali ham o‘sha yerda yashasa, lived ham, lives ham to‘g‘ri).
- Umumiy haqiqat: Our teacher said water boils at 100 degrees.
- Yuqorida sanalgan modal fe’llar: would, could, should, might.
Past simple va present perfect farqi reported speech’da ham muhim; bu mavzu alohida present perfect va past simple farqi sahifasida tushuntirilgan. Barcha zamonlarni bir joyda ko‘rish uchun 12 zamon xaritasidan foydalaning.
Say, tell va ask
- say (something) (to someone): He said that he was tired. / He said to me that he was tired. “He said me” deyilmaydi.
- tell someone (something): He told me that he was tired. Kimga aytilgani albatta ko‘rsatiladi. “He told that…” xato. Istisno: tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a story, tell a joke.
- ask (someone) + if/wh-/to: She asked (me) if I was ready.
Savollarni yetkazish
Ha/yo‘q savollari if yoki whether bilan yetkaziladi:
- “Do you speak Russian?” → She asked if I spoke Russian.
- “Is the museum open on Mondays?” → I asked whether the museum was open on Mondays.
- “Have you been to London before?” → The officer asked if I had been to London before.
Wh- savollarda savol so‘zi qoladi, lekin undan keyin ega + fe’l keladi. Do/does/did yo‘qoladi, so‘roq belgisi qo‘yilmaydi:
- “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
- “What time does the train leave?” → I asked what time the train left.
- “Why are you late?” → My manager asked why I was late.
- “How much did you pay for it?” → She asked how much I had paid for it.
Xuddi shu tartib muloyim so‘rovlarda ham ishlaydi: Could you tell me where the station is? (where is the station emas). To‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri savol tuzish qoidalarini ingliz tilida savol tuzish sahifasida takrorlang: o‘sha yerdagi do/does aynan shu yerda tushib qoladi.
Buyruq, iltimos va maslahat
Buyruqni yetkazganda tell/ask + kishi + (not) to + fe’l ishlatiladi:
- “Close the door, please.” → She asked me to close the door.
- “Don’t park here.” → The guard told us not to park there.
- “Wait for me at the metro.” → He told me to wait for him at the metro.
“He said me to wait” va “She told me don’t go” — ikkalasi ham xato. To‘g‘risi: He told me to wait. / She told me not to go.
16 ta reporting verb va ularning tuzilmasi
Said va told hamma joyda ishlaydi, lekin aniqroq fe’l gapni qisqartiradi va ma’noni aniq beradi.
| Fe’l | Tuzilma | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| agree | to + fe’l | “OK, I’ll help.” → He agreed to help. |
| offer | to + fe’l | “I can drive you to the airport.” → She offered to drive me to the airport. |
| promise | to + fe’l | “I’ll pay you back on Friday.” → He promised to pay me back on Friday. |
| refuse | to + fe’l | “I won’t sign it.” → She refused to sign it. |
| advise | kishi + to | “You should apply early.” → He advised me to apply early. |
| remind | kishi + to | “Don’t forget your passport.” → She reminded me to take my passport. |
| warn | kishi + (not) to | “Don’t touch the wire!” → He warned us not to touch the wire. |
| invite | kishi + to | “Would you like to come to our wedding?” → They invited us to their wedding. |
| admit | -ing yoki that | “I broke the vase.” → He admitted breaking the vase. |
| deny | -ing yoki that | “I didn’t take your charger.” → She denied taking my charger. |
| suggest | -ing yoki that + ega | “Let’s take the metro.” → He suggested taking the metro. |
| apologise | for + -ing | “Sorry I’m late.” → She apologised for being late. |
| insist | on + -ing | “I’ll pay for dinner.” → He insisted on paying for dinner. |
| accuse | kishi + of + -ing | “You took my seat!” → She accused me of taking her seat. |
| complain | (to kishi) that | “The room is too cold.” → The guest complained that the room was too cold. |
| explain | (to kishi) that/wh- | “The exam starts at nine.” → She explained that the exam started at nine. |
Bu fe’llar hikoya aytganda ayniqsa foydali. Masalan, IELTS Speaking Part 2 da voqea haqida gapirsangiz, My friend suggested going to Charvak bir necha qo‘shtirnoqli gapdan tabiiyroq eshitiladi. Voqeani hikoyaga aylantirish usuli event cue card sahifasida bor.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar ko‘p qiladigan xatolar
| Xato | Nega bo‘ladi | To‘g‘ri variant |
|---|---|---|
| He said me that… | “menga aytdi” so‘zma-so‘z | He told me that… / He said to me that… |
| She told that she was busy | tell dan keyin kishi tushib qolgan | She said that she was busy. |
| He asked where do I work | savol tartibi saqlangan | He asked where I worked. |
| She asked me do I like plov | ha/yo‘q savolida if yo‘q | She asked me if I liked plov. |
| He told me don’t be late | buyruq ko‘chirilgan | He told me not to be late. |
| She suggested me to go | rus tilidagi “предложила мне пойти” | She suggested (that) I go. / She suggested going. |
| He explained me the rule | explain dan keyin to kerak | He explained the rule to me. |
| Last week he said he will come tomorrow | zamon va vaqt siljimagan | Last week he said he would come the next day. |
Namuna: telefon suhbatini rahbarga yetkazish
Kechqurun hamkasbingiz Jasur qo‘ng‘iroq qildi:
Jasur: I can’t come to the meeting tomorrow. My flight to Moscow has been moved.
Siz: OK. Have you sent the slides?
Jasur: Not yet. I’ll send them tonight.
Siz: Please don’t forget the budget table.
Jasur: Don’t worry, I’ll add it. Can you present it for me?
Ertasi kuni ertalab rahbaringizga shunday aytasiz:
Jasur called last night. He said he couldn’t come to the meeting today because his flight to Moscow had been moved. I asked him if he had sent the slides. He said he hadn’t sent them yet but would send them last night. I asked him not to forget the budget table, and he promised to add it. He also asked if I could present it for him.
E’tibor bering: tomorrow endi today, tonight esa last night bo‘ldi, chunki siz ertasi kuni gapiryapsiz. Bu matnni ovoz chiqarib o‘qing, keyin o‘zingizning kechagi bitta suhbatingizni xuddi shunday 4–5 gap bilan yetkazing.
Mashq: reported speech’ga aylantiring
Har bir gapni bir kundan keyin yetkazayotgandek yozing. Qavs ichidagi fe’lni ishlating.
- “I live near Chorsu bazaar,” Aziz said.
- “I’m preparing for IELTS,” Malika told me.
- “We have booked the tickets,” they said.
- “I’ll call you after the lesson,” the teacher said to me.
- “Can you help me with my CV?” my friend asked me.
- “Where did you buy this phone?” she asked me.
- “Don’t use your phones during the test,” the examiner told us.
- “Let’s order somsa,” Bekzod said. (suggest)
- “I didn’t break the printer,” Sardor said. (deny)
- “Are you coming to the wedding on Saturday?” my aunt asked me.
Javoblar:
- Aziz said (that) he lived near Chorsu bazaar. Agar u hali ham o‘sha yerda yashasa, lives ham to‘g‘ri.
- Malika told me (that) she was preparing for IELTS.
- They said (that) they had booked the tickets.
- The teacher said (that) she would call me after the lesson.
- My friend asked me if (whether) I could help him with his CV.
- She asked me where I had bought that phone. (where I bought ham qabul qilinadi.)
- The examiner told us not to use our phones during the test.
- Bekzod suggested ordering somsa. / Bekzod suggested that we order somsa.
- Sardor denied breaking the printer. / Sardor denied that he had broken the printer.
- My aunt asked me if I was coming to the wedding on Saturday.
8 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, yozishni to‘xtatib, shu gaplarni og‘zaki yetkazib ko‘ring: og‘zaki nutqda said me va asked where do I kabi xatolar yozuvdagidan ko‘proq chiqadi.
BandMate bilan og‘zaki mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbat qilib, keyin eshitganlaringizni qayta aytib berishni mashq qilishingiz mumkin: Bandi said that… / Bandi asked me if…. Darslar grammatikani o‘zbekcha yoki ruscha izoh bilan takrorlaydi, talaffuz bo‘yicha esa fikr olasiz. AI fikri o‘qituvchi yoki imtihon bahosining o‘rnini bosmaydi, lekin qoidani o‘qishdan uni gapda ishlatishga o‘tishga yordam beradi.
