Sanaladigan otlar (countable nouns) — bittalab sanash mumkin bo‘lgan narsalar: an egg, two eggs, ten eggs. Ular a/an va ko‘plik -s oladi. Sanalmaydigan otlar (uncountable nouns) — modda, massa yoki mavhum tushunchalar: water, rice, money, advice, information. Ular a/an olmaydi, ko‘plikka o‘tmaydi va fe’l bilan birlikda moslashadi: The rice is ready.
Sanalmaydigan narsani sanash kerak bo‘lsa, idish yoki o‘lchov qo‘shiladi: a glass of water, a kilo of rice, a piece of advice. Shuning uchun do‘konda two waters emas, two bottles of water deyiladi.
Bitta, ikkita deb sanab ko‘ring: farq jadvali
Eng oddiy test: so‘z oldiga “bitta, ikkita” qo‘yib ko‘ring. Inglizcha one onion, two onions tabiiy eshitiladi, one rice, two rices esa yo‘q. Quyidagi jadval ikki turdagi otning gapda qanday farq qilishini ko‘rsatadi:
| Sanaladigan: onion | Sanalmaydigan: rice | |
|---|---|---|
| a/an | an onion | a rice xato |
| ko‘plik | onions | rices xato |
| fe’l | The onions are fresh. | The rice is fresh. |
| “ko‘p” | many onions | much rice |
| “ozgina” | a few onions | a little rice |
| miqdor savoli | How many onions? | How much rice? |
| ikkalasi bilan | some onions, a lot of onions | some rice, a lot of rice |
Jadvaldagi many/much va a few/a little har biri alohida sahifada tushuntirilgan: much, many va a lot of. A va an ning o‘zi qachon qo‘yilishi a va an farqi sahifasida.
O‘zbekchada ko‘plik, inglizchada yo‘q: 12 ta tuzoq so‘z
Asosiy muammo shu yerda. O‘zbekchada ma’lumotlar, maslahatlar, yangiliklar, jihozlar deymiz, rus tilida ham советы, новости bor. Inglizcha tarjimasi esa sanalmaydigan ot. Quyidagi so‘zlarni ro‘yxat sifatida yodlab oling:
| So‘z | Tarjima | Bittasini aytish | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| information | ma’lumot | a piece of information | The university website has useful information about grants. |
| advice | maslahat | a piece of advice | My older cousin gave me some good advice about interviews. |
| news | yangilik | a piece of news | I’ve got some news: Bekzod got the job! |
| furniture | mebel | a piece of furniture, a table | We need new furniture for the guest room. |
| homework | uy vazifasi | an exercise, a task | Our teacher gives a lot of homework on Fridays. |
| luggage | yuk, bagaj | a bag, a suitcase | How much luggage can I take on this flight? |
| equipment | jihoz, uskuna | a piece of equipment | The new gym has modern equipment. |
| work | ish | a job, a task | I have too much work this week. |
| money | pul | a note, a coin | There isn’t much money left on my card. |
| bread | non | a loaf of bread | Can you buy some bread on your way home? |
| traffic | yo‘ldagi transport, tirbandlik | a traffic jam | The traffic on Amir Temur street was terrible. |
| weather | ob-havo | — | We had lovely weather in Chimgan. |
Ikki so‘zga alohida e’tibor bering. News oxiri -s bilan tugasa ham birlik: The news is good. Work sanalmaydi, lekin job sanaladi: I’m looking for a job (ish joyi), I have a lot of work (bajariladigan ish).
Informations, advices, a news: xatolar jadvali
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|
| I need some informations about the course. | I need some information about the course. |
| She gave me an advice. | She gave me some advice / a piece of advice. |
| Thank you for your advices. | Thank you for your advice. |
| The news are surprising. | The news is surprising. |
| We bought new furnitures. | We bought new furniture. |
| My luggages are heavy. | My luggage is heavy. / My bags are heavy. |
| What a beautiful weather! | What beautiful weather! |
| I have many homeworks today. | I have a lot of homework today. |
| Thanks for your helps. | Thanks for your help. |
Xato qayerdan kelishini bilish uni tuzatishni osonlashtiradi: o‘zbekcha -lar inglizchada avtomatik -s ga aylanib qoladi. Endi shu so‘zlardan birini ishlatayotganda o‘zingizga savol bering: “Inglizlar buni sanaydimi?”
A piece of, a cup of: sanalmaydigan narsani sanash
Sanalmaydigan otni birlik va ko‘plikka o‘tkazish uchun oldiga idish yoki bo‘lak nomini qo‘yasiz. Endi sanaladigan so‘z shu idish bo‘ladi: a cup of tea → two cups of tea.
| Ibora | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| a cup of tea / coffee | bir piyola choy, bir chashka qahva | Would you like a cup of tea? |
| a glass of water / milk | bir stakan suv, sut | Drink a glass of water before breakfast. |
| a bottle of oil / water | bir shisha yog‘, bir idish suv | We need two bottles of oil. |
| a packet of tea / sugar | bir paket choy, shakar | Buy a packet of green tea. |
| a kilo of rice / meat | bir kilo guruch, go‘sht | Three kilos of rice is enough. |
| a loaf of bread | bitta non (butun) | Two loaves of bread, please. |
| a slice of bread / cheese | bir tilim non, pishloq | Just a slice of cheese for me. |
| a piece of cake / advice / news | bir bo‘lak tort; bitta maslahat, yangilik | Can I give you a piece of advice? |
| a bowl of soup / rice | bir kosa sho‘rva, guruch | A bowl of soup is a good dinner. |
| a bar of chocolate / soap | bitta shokolad, sovun | She bought a bar of soap. |
| a jar of honey / jam | bir banka asal, murabbo | My aunt sent us a jar of honey from Jizzakh. |
Three kilos of rice is enough — o‘lchov miqdor sifatida qaralsa, fe’l birlikda keladi. Kafe va choyxonada esa ichimliklar odatda qisqartiriladi: Two teas and a coffee, please (= ikki piyola choy va bir chashka qahva). Bu buyurtma berishda tabiiy.
Bitta so‘z, ikki ma’no
Ba’zi otlar ikki xil ishlaydi va ma’nosi ham o‘zgaradi. Bu juftliklar o‘zbek o‘quvchilarini ko‘p chalg‘itadi:
| Sanalmaydigan | Sanaladigan |
|---|---|
| We had chicken for dinner. — tovuq go‘shti | My grandma keeps ten chickens. — tirik tovuqlar |
| The window is made of glass. — shisha | Can I have a glass of juice? — stakan |
| I need some paper for the printer. — qog‘oz | Dad buys a paper every morning. — gazeta |
| I don’t have time today. — vaqt | I’ve read this book three times. — marta |
| Is there room for one more person? — joy | Our flat has three rooms. — xona |
| She has experience in sales. — tajriba | The trip to Nurata was an amazing experience. — voqea, taassurot |
| Her hair is long. — soch | There’s a hair in my soup! — bitta tola |
| Coffee keeps me awake. — qahva (umuman) | Two coffees, please. — ikki chashka |
Rasmli mashq: C yoki U?
Har bir rasmdagi so‘z sanaladigan (C) yoki sanalmaydigan (U) ekanini yozing. U bo‘lsa, sanash uchun bitta ibora ham qo‘shing (a kilo of …).
Keyin uchta gapni tuzating:
- 13. Can you give me an advice about the IELTS exam?
- 14. I need some informations about the new bus routes.
- 15. The furniture in our flat are very old.
Javoblar
- 1. rice — U: a kilo of rice, a bowl of rice.
- 2. onions — C: an onion, three onions.
- 3. eggs — C: an egg, ten eggs.
- 4. meat — U: a kilo of meat, a piece of meat.
- 5. apple — C: an apple, two apples.
- 6. salt — U: a pinch of salt (bir chimdim tuz), a packet of salt.
- 7. cheese — U: a slice of cheese, a piece of cheese. Cheeses faqat pishloq turlari haqida gapirganda.
- 8. carrots — C: a carrot, a kilo of carrots.
- 9. bread — U: a loaf of bread, a slice of bread. O‘zbekcha “ikkita non” → two loaves of bread; two breads xato.
- 10. water — U: a glass of water, a bottle of water.
- 11. vegetables — C: a vegetable, a lot of vegetables.
- 12. fruit — odatda U: some fruit, a piece of fruit. Fruits meva turlari haqida gapirganda uchraydi.
- 13. Can you give me some advice / a piece of advice about the IELTS exam?
- 14. I need some information about the new bus routes.
- 15. The furniture in our flat is very old.
Qo‘shimcha mashq kerak bo‘lsa, much va many mashqlari sahifasida xuddi shu so‘zlar miqdor so‘zlari bilan birga beriladi.
Xarid ro‘yxatini ovoz chiqarib aytish
Sanalmaydigan otlar suhbatda, ayniqsa do‘konda va mehmondorchilikda ko‘p uchraydi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda uyingizdagi ovqat, xarid va rejalaringiz haqida gapirasiz, darslarda qoidalar o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugungi vazifa: keyingi xaridingiz uchun sakkizta narsadan iborat ro‘yxat tuzing va har birini miqdor bilan ovoz chiqarib ayting: a loaf of bread, two bottles of water, a kilo of rice. So‘ng ro‘yxatni some va any bilan savolga aylantiring, bu haqda some va any qoidasi sahifasida o‘qing.
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