Compound noun — ikki (ba’zan uch) so‘zdan yasalgan bitta ot: toothbrush (tish cho‘tkasi), bus stop (avtobus bekati), mother-in-law (qaynona). Birinchi so‘z ikkinchisini aniqlaydi: bus stop — bekatning bir turi, stop bus emas.
Uch narsani bilsangiz, qo‘shma otlar bilan xato qilmaysiz: yozilishi uch xil bo‘ladi (qo‘shib, ajratib, chiziqcha bilan), urg‘u odatda birinchi so‘zga tushadi, ko‘plik esa odatda oxirgi so‘zga qo‘shiladi: bus stops, toothbrushes.
O‘zbekcha va inglizcha: tartib bir xil, qo‘shimcha yo‘q
Yaxshi xabar: o‘zbek tilida ham aniqlovchi oldin keladi. Tish cho‘tkasi — toothbrush, avtobus bekati — bus stop. Farqi shundaki, o‘zbekcha ikkinchi so‘zga -i/-si qo‘shadi, inglizcha esa hech narsa qo‘shmaydi.
Muammo rus tilidan keladi. Ruscha щётка для зубов yoki остановка автобуса ni so‘zma-so‘z tarjima qilsangiz, brush for teeth yoki stop of bus chiqadi. Tushunarli, lekin ingliz quloqiga g‘alati eshitiladi. Qoida: buyum, joy yoki vosita nomi bo‘lsa, avval ot + ot shaklini sinab ko‘ring.
Qo‘shma otlarning turlari
| Tuzilishi | Misollar | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| ot + ot | bus stop, teapot, bedroom, city centre | bekat, choynak, yotoqxona, shahar markazi |
| sifat + ot | blackboard, greenhouse, high school | doska, issiqxona, o‘rta maktab |
| -ing + ot | swimming pool, washing machine, waiting room | basseyn, kir yuvish mashinasi, kutish zali |
| ot + -ing | sightseeing, weightlifting, housekeeping | diqqatga sazovor joylarni ko‘rish, og‘ir atletika, uy yumushlari |
| fe’l + ko‘makchi | check-in, take-off, breakdown | ro‘yxatdan o‘tish, uchish, buzilish |
| ot + predlog + ot | mother-in-law, editor-in-chief | qaynona, bosh muharrir |
-ing + ot turida -ing “nima uchun” degan ma’noni beradi: swimming pool — suzish uchun hovuz, washing machine — yuvish uchun mashina. Bu yerdagi -ing ni gerund deb o‘ylang, sifat emas.
Yozilishi: qo‘shib, ajratib yoki chiziqcha bilan
Ingliz tilida qat’iy qoida yo‘q. Bir xil so‘z turli lug‘atlarda turlicha yozilishi mumkin. Shunga qaramay, umumiy yo‘nalishlar bor:
| Yozilish | Qachon ko‘proq | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| Qo‘shib (closed) | qisqa, ko‘p ishlatiladigan so‘zlar | toothbrush, bedroom, backpack, headphones, weekend, airport |
| Ajratib (open) | uzunroq yoki yangiroq birikmalar | bus stop, train station, living room, credit card, post office |
| Chiziqcha bilan (hyphenated) | uch qismli, predlogli yoki fe’l + ko‘makchi | mother-in-law, passer-by, check-in, merry-go-round |
Vaqt o‘tishi bilan so‘zlar ko‘pincha chiziqchadan qo‘shib yozishga o‘tadi: e-mail → email, web site → website. Ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, lug‘atda tekshiring. Cambridge yoki Oxford lug‘ati so‘zni qaysi shaklda berayotganini ko‘rsatadi.
Fe’l va ot farqiga ham e’tibor bering: check in (fe’l, ajratib) — I need to check in at the hotel; check-in (ot, chiziqcha) — The check-in closes at 6.
Urg‘u: GREENhouse yoki green HOUSE
Qo‘shma otda urg‘u odatda birinchi so‘zga tushadi. Oddiy sifat + ot birikmasida esa ikkinchi so‘z urg‘u oladi. Bu farq ma’noni o‘zgartiradi:
| Qo‘shma ot (urg‘u 1-so‘zda) | Oddiy birikma (urg‘u 2-so‘zda) |
|---|---|
| a GREENhouse — issiqxona | a green HOUSE — yashil rangli uy |
| a BLACKboard — sinf doskasi | a black BOARD — qora taxta |
| a DARKroom — foto ochiltirish xonasi | a dark ROOM — qorong‘i xona |
| a HOT dog — hot-dog | a hot DOG — issiqlab qolgan it |
| the WHITE House — Oq uy (AQSh) | a white HOUSE — oq uy |
Ot + ot birikmalarida ham qoida ishlaydi: BUS stop, TOOTHbrush, BEDroom, BIRTHday cake. Istisnolar bor (town HALL, apple PIE), lekin boshlang‘ich qoida sifatida birinchi so‘zni urg‘u bilan ayting.
Ko‘plik: qaysi qismga -s qo‘shiladi
1. Odatda oxirgi so‘zga: bus stops, toothbrushes, bedrooms, swimming pools, washing machines.
2. Birinchi so‘z birlikda qoladi, hatto ma’nosi ko‘plik bo‘lsa ham: a shoe shop (poyabzal do‘koni, shoes shop emas), a toothbrush (tishlar uchun, lekin teethbrush emas), a ten-year-old boy (ten-years-old emas), a five-star hotel.
Istisnolar yodlanadi: sports car, clothes shop, savings account, arms race, customs officer. Bu so‘zlar (clothes, savings, customs) o‘zi ko‘plik shaklida yashaydi.
3. Predlogli va chiziqchali otlarda asosiy so‘zga: mothers-in-law, passers-by, editors-in-chief, runners-up. So‘zlashuvda mother-in-laws ham eshitiladi, lekin yozuvda mothers-in-law ni ishlating.
4. -ful bilan: spoonfuls, cupfuls — oxiriga. Two spoonfuls of sugar.
Birlik va ko‘plikning umumiy qoidalari birlik va ko‘plik sahifasida.
Qo‘shma ot yoki ’s: the door handle, lekin Aziz’s bag
O‘zbekcha -ning ni ko‘p o‘quvchi har doim ’s bilan tarjima qiladi. Qoida:
- Odam va hayvonlar egaligi → ’s: my brother’s car, the cat’s bowl.
- Buyum qismi, turi, maqsadi → qo‘shma ot: the door handle (the door’s handle emas), the car keys, the kitchen table, a coffee cup.
- Vaqt → ’s yoki qo‘shma sifat: today’s news, a two-hour flight.
A coffee cup — qahva uchun piyola (bo‘sh bo‘lishi mumkin). A cup of coffee — ichida qahva bor piyola. Bu farq kafeda buyurtma berganda muhim. Egalik qo‘shimchasi haqida to‘liq: egalik qo‘shimchasi ’s.
Kvartira ijarasi: qisqa suhbat
Dilshod Yunusobodda ijaraga kvartira qidiryapti va uy egasi bilan telefonda gaplashyapti.
Dilshod: Hello, I’m calling about the flat near the metro station. How many bedrooms does it have?
Landlord: Two bedrooms, a living room and a big kitchen. There’s a new washing machine in the bathroom.
Dilshod: Is there a bus stop nearby?
Landlord: Yes, right outside the front door. And the supermarket is a five-minute walk.
Dilshod: What about parking? I have a small car.
Landlord: There’s a car park behind the building. The rent includes the water bill but not the electricity bill.
Dilshod: Great. Can I see it this weekend?
Suhbatda o‘ndan ortiq qo‘shma ot bor: metro station, bedroom, living room, washing machine, bathroom, bus stop, front door, supermarket, car park, water bill, electricity bill, weekend. A five-minute walk esa qo‘shma sifat: minute birlikda, chiziqcha bilan. Uy jihozlari nomlarini uy jihozlari inglizcha sahifasida rasmlar bilan ko‘ring.
Mashq: qo‘shma otlar
A. Ikki so‘zni birlashtirib qo‘shma ot yasang.
- 1. Tishlar uchun pasta: ______
- 2. Kir yuvish uchun mashina: ______
- 3. Kitob qo‘yiladigan javon: ______
- 4. Tug‘ilgan kun uchun tort: ______
- 5. Mashina to‘xtatiladigan joy (Britaniya): ______
B. Ko‘plikni yozing.
- 6. one bus stop → two ______
- 7. one sister-in-law → three ______
- 8. one passer-by → many ______
- 9. a ten-year-old girl → two ______ girls
C. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 10. I bought new shoes in a shoes shop.
- 11. The table’s leg is broken.
- 12. Can I have a coffee cup, please? I’m really thirsty.
- 13. It’s a three-hours flight from Tashkent to Dubai.
- 14. Qaysi so‘zda urg‘u birinchi bo‘g‘inga tushadi: issiqxona ma’nosidagi greenhouse yoki “yashil uy” ma’nosidagi green house?
Javoblar
- 1. toothpaste — qo‘shib yoziladi, tooth birlikda.
- 2. washing machine — -ing + ot.
- 3. bookshelf (bookcase) — qo‘shib yoziladi.
- 4. birthday cake — ajratib yoziladi, urg‘u BIRTH da.
- 5. car park (AQShda parking lot).
- 6. bus stops — oxirgi so‘zga -s.
- 7. sisters-in-law — asosiy so‘zga -s.
- 8. passers-by.
- 9. ten-year-old girls — qo‘shma sifat o‘zgarmaydi, -s faqat girls da.
- 10. …in a shoe shop — birinchi so‘z birlikda.
- 11. The table leg is broken — buyum qismi, ’s emas.
- 12. Can I have a cup of coffee, please? — ichida qahva bo‘lgan piyola kerak.
- 13. It’s a three-hour flight — qo‘shma sifatda hour birlikda.
- 14. GREENhouse (issiqxona) — qo‘shma ot, urg‘u birinchi so‘zda.
Qo‘shma otlarni ovoz chiqarib mashq qiling
Qo‘shma otlarning eng qiyin tomoni — urg‘u, uni faqat o‘qib o‘rganib bo‘lmaydi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan uyingiz, mahallangiz yoki ishga boradigan yo‘lingiz haqida gaplashing: bus stop, living room, car park kabi so‘zlarni aytganingizda ilova talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr bildiradi. Bu mashq uchun, rasmiy baho emas. Hozir xonangizga qarang va unda bor beshta narsani qo‘shma ot bilan ayting: a bookshelf, a laptop charger, a coffee cup… Keyingi qadam sifatida so‘z yasashning boshqa usulini ko‘ring: suffikslar -tion, -ness, -ful.
