Ingliz tilida ko‘plik ko‘pincha otga -s qo‘shib yasaladi: a book → books. Ot -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z bilan tugasa -es (bus → buses), undosh + y bilan tugasa -ies (city → cities), bir guruh -f/-fe so‘zlar esa -ves (knife → knives) oladi. Bir necha so‘z butunlay o‘zgaradi: man → men, child → children, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice.
O‘zbek o‘quvchisi uchun eng muhim farq bundan ham oddiy: o‘zbekchada sondan keyin -lar qo‘shilmaydi (ikki kitob), inglizchada esa ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi shart: two books. Birdan katta har qanday son otni ko‘plikka o‘tkazadi.
Ikki kitob — two books: sondan keyin -s tushib qolmasin
O‘zbekchada son yoki “ko‘p, bir nechta” so‘zi ko‘plikni o‘zi bildiradi, shuning uchun -lar ortiqcha: uch yil, ko‘p do‘st. Inglizchada son va -s birga ishlaydi. Bu qoidani unutish o‘zbek o‘quvchilarida eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolardan biri.
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha | Tez-tez eshitiladigan xato |
|---|---|---|
| ikki kitob | two books | two book |
| uch yil | three years | three year |
| besh daqiqa | five minutes | five minute |
| ko‘p do‘st | a lot of friends | a lot of friend |
| bir nechta savol | several questions | several question |
| nol ball | zero points | zero point |
| 1,5 kilometr | 1.5 kilometres | 1.5 kilometre |
Oxirgi ikki qatorga e’tibor bering: inglizchada nol va kasr sonlardan keyin ham ko‘plik ishlatiladi (zero degrees, 2.5 hours). Faqat aynan bir bo‘lganda birlik qoladi: one year, one minute.
Teskari holat ham bor: every va each dan keyin ot birlikda turadi, garchi ma’nosi “hammasi” bo‘lsa ham: every student (har bir talaba), each day. Every students xato.
O‘zbekcha -lar inglizchaga o‘tmaydigan joylar
- Umumiy fikr. O‘zbekchada birlik ishlatamiz: Olma foydali. Men mushukni yaxshi ko‘raman. Inglizchada umuman bir tur haqida gapirganda ko‘plik keladi: Apples are healthy. I like cats. I like cat deyilsa, ma’no g‘alati chiqadi: sanalmaydigan cat “mushuk go‘shti” kabi eshitiladi.
- Hurmat -lari. Dadamlar keldilar — bu yerda bitta odam. Inglizchada My dad has arrived, my dads emas.
- Taxminiy -lar. Soat beshlarda keling → Come at about five. Inglizchada “taxminan” ma’nosini about yoki around beradi.
Imlo qoidalari: qaysi so‘zga qaysi qo‘shimcha
| Otning oxiri | Qo‘shimcha | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| ko‘p otlar | -s | car → cars, phone → phones, student → students |
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z | -es | bus → buses, dish → dishes, watch → watches, box → boxes, quiz → quizzes |
| undosh + y | y → -ies | city → cities, family → families, baby → babies, party → parties |
| unli + y | -s | day → days, key → keys, boy → boys, toy → toys |
| -f / -fe (bir guruh) | -ves | knife → knives, wife → wives, leaf → leaves, half → halves, shelf → shelves, loaf → loaves, life → lives, thief → thieves |
| -f, lekin oddiy -s | -s | roof → roofs, chef → chefs, belief → beliefs, cliff → cliffs |
| undosh + o (bir guruh) | -es | potato → potatoes, tomato → tomatoes, hero → heroes |
| -o, lekin oddiy -s | -s | photo → photos, video → videos, radio → radios, piano → pianos, kilo → kilos |
Ikki kichik tuzoq: -ch “k” deb o‘qilsa, oddiy -s qo‘shiladi (stomach → stomachs), quiz da esa z ikkilanadi (quizzes). -ves guruhini ro‘yxat sifatida yodlab oling, chunki yangi so‘zlarning ko‘pi oddiy -s oladi.
Ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi uch xil o‘qiladi: /s/ (books, cups), /z/ (phones, days) va /ɪz/ (buses, watches, boxes). Uchinchi holatda so‘zga bitta bo‘g‘in qo‘shiladi: bus bir bo‘g‘in, bus-es ikki bo‘g‘in. Bu tovushlar s qo‘shimchasi talaffuzi sahifasida misollar bilan berilgan.
Butunlay o‘zgaradigan so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar qadimgi ingliz tilidan qolgan va hech qanday qoidaga bo‘ysunmaydi. Ular kam, lekin kundalik nutqda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.
| Birlik | Ko‘plik | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| man | men | erkak | Two men are fixing the road. |
| woman | women | ayol | Three women work in our office. |
| child | children | bola | They have four children. |
| person | people | odam, kishi | Ten people came to the meeting. |
| tooth | teeth | tish | Brush your teeth before bed. |
| foot | feet | oyoq (panja) | My feet hurt after the walk. |
| mouse | mice | sichqon | The cat caught two mice. |
| goose | geese | g‘oz | My grandma keeps geese. |
| sheep | sheep | qo‘y | He has forty sheep. |
| fish | fish | baliq | We caught five fish. |
Women ning talaffuziga e’tibor bering: /ˈwɪmɪn/, ya’ni birinchi bo‘g‘in “ui” kabi eshitiladi, yozuvdagi o ga qaramang. Childrens, mens, teeths — ikki marta ko‘plik, xato. Peoples esa boshqa ma’noda to‘g‘ri: “xalqlar” (the peoples of Central Asia). Egalik shakli bu so‘zlarda ’s bilan yasaladi: children’s books, men’s shoes; batafsil egalik ’s qoidasi sahifasida.
Faqat ko‘plik yoki faqat birlik bo‘ladigan otlar
Faqat ko‘plikda: ikki qismdan iborat narsalar. Jeans, trousers, shorts, pyjamas, glasses (ko‘zoynak), scissors (qaychi), headphones. O‘zbekchada shim bitta narsa, shuning uchun My trousers is too long degan xato chiqadi. To‘g‘risi: My trousers are too long. Sanash uchun a pair of ishlatiladi: I bought two pairs of jeans.
Yana bir nechta shunday so‘z: clothes (kiyim-kechak: My clothes are in the wardrobe), thanks, congratulations, stairs, goods (mol, tovar). Police ham ko‘plik fe’l oladi: The police are here.
-s bilan tugaydi, lekin birlik: news (The news is good), fan nomlari maths, physics, economics (Maths is my favourite subject). Sanalmaydigan otlar (advice, information, money, furniture) esa umuman ko‘plik olmaydi; ular haqida sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar sahifasida o‘qing.
Son + ot sifat vazifasida: ot oldida turgan son birikmasi -s olmaydi. A five-year-old boy (besh yoshli bola), a two-hour lesson (ikki soatlik dars), a three-room flat (uch xonali kvartira). Hundred, thousand, million ham sondan keyin -s olmaydi: two hundred students, five thousand soums. Ular faqat “yuzlab, minglab” ma’nosida ko‘plikda keladi: thousands of people.
Rasmli mashq: ko‘plikni yozing
Har bir rasm ostidagi birlik shaklni ko‘plikka aylantiring. Ehtiyot bo‘ling: ikkita rasmda so‘z allaqachon ko‘plikda.
Endi uchta gapdagi xatoni tuzating:
- 13. I have two brother and one sister.
- 14. My new jeans is too long.
- 15. There are twenty-five childrens in my son’s class.
Javoblar
- 1. teeth — noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik, tooths emas.
- 2. buses — -s bilan tugaydi, -es qo‘shiladi.
- 3. cities — undosh + y, y → -ies.
- 4. dresses — -ss dan keyin -es.
- 5. boxes — -x dan keyin -es.
- 6. watches — -ch dan keyin -es, oxiri /ɪz/ o‘qiladi.
- 7. babies — undosh + y.
- 8. keys — unli + y, oddiy -s.
- 9. photos — -o bilan tugasa ham oddiy -s.
- 10. glasses — -ss dan keyin -es; ma’nosi “stakanlar”.
- 11. trousers — o‘zi ko‘plik. Ikki dona desangiz: two pairs of trousers.
- 12. glasses — “ko‘zoynak” ma’nosida doim ko‘plik: a pair of glasses. 10 va 12 bir xil yoziladi, ma’noni gap aniqlaydi.
- 13. I have two brothers and one sister. — sondan keyin -s.
- 14. My new jeans are too long. — jeans ko‘plik fe’l oladi.
- 15. There are twenty-five children in my son’s class. — children allaqachon ko‘plik.
Sonlar bilan gapirish: bugungi vazifa
Qoidani bilish bilan uni gapda ishlatish orasida farq bor: suhbatda two book ni ko‘pincha o‘zimiz ham sezmaymiz. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan oilangiz, xonangiz va shahringiz haqida ovoz chiqarib gaplashasiz, darslarda qoidalar o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugun xonangizni inglizcha tasvirlang va kamida sakkizta ko‘plik ishlating: two windows, three shelves, a lot of books. Buning uchun there is va there are qolipi eng qulay.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
