Inglizcha -s / -es qo‘shimchasi uch xil o‘qiladi. So‘z oxiridagi tovushga qarang, harfga emas:
- /ɪz/ — so‘z sirg‘aluvchi tovush bilan tugasa (/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/): buses, roses, dishes, watches, bridges. Qo‘shimcha yangi bo‘g‘in qo‘shadi.
- /s/ — boshqa jarangsiz tovushdan keyin (/p, t, k, f, θ/): cups, cats, books, laughs, months.
- /z/ — jarangli undosh yoki unlidan keyin: dogs, pens, calls, days, trees.
Bu qoida to‘rt joyda bir xil ishlaydi: ko‘plikda (cats), he/she/it fe’lida (he works), egalikda (Ali’s) va is/has qisqarganda (it’s, he’s). Bir marta o‘rgansangiz, to‘rttasini birdan yopasiz.
Qoida bitta savolda
So‘z oxiridagi tovushni ayting va tomog‘ingizga qo‘l qo‘ying:
| Oxirgi tovush | Nima qo‘shiladi | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| s, z, sh, zh, ch, j tovushlari | /ɪz/ | Ikki “shivirlovchi” tovush yonma-yon kelsa, eshitilmay qoladi; orasiga unli kiradi |
| Titrashsiz tovush: p, t, k, f, θ | /s/ | Jarangsiz tovushdan keyin jarangsiz qo‘shimcha oson |
| Titrashli tovush: b, d, g, v, m, n, l, ŋ, r, ð va har qanday unli | /z/ | Ovoz davom etadi |
Xuddi shu mantiq -ed qo‘shimchasida ham bor: t/d dan keyin /ɪd/, jarangsizdan keyin /t/, jaranglidan keyin /d/. Ikki qoidani birga o‘rgansangiz, eslab qolish osonlashadi.
30 so‘z, talaffuzi bo‘yicha
| /s/ | /z/ | /ɪz/ |
|---|---|---|
| cups /kʌps/ | dogs /dɒɡz/ | buses /ˈbʌsɪz/ |
| cats /kæts/ | pens /penz/ | roses /ˈrəʊzɪz/ |
| books /bʊks/ | days /deɪz/ | dishes /ˈdɪʃɪz/ |
| shops /ʃɒps/ | calls /kɔːlz/ | watches /ˈwɒtʃɪz/ |
| streets /striːts/ | trees /triːz/ | bridges /ˈbrɪdʒɪz/ |
| laughs /lɑːfs/ | bags /bæɡz/ | boxes /ˈbɒksɪz/ |
| months /mʌnθs/ | lives /lɪvz/ | glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ |
| works /wɜːks/ | plays /pleɪz/ | washes /ˈwɒʃɪz/ |
| helps /helps/ | reads /riːdz/ | changes /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ |
| gets /ɡets/ | sings /sɪŋz/ | garages /ˈɡærɑːʒɪz/ |
Amerika talaffuzida bir nechta so‘zda unli boshqacha: laughs /læfs/, glasses /ˈɡlæsɪz/, garages /ɡəˈrɑːʒɪz/. Qo‘shimchaning o‘zi esa bir xil. Ba’zi lug‘atlarda /ɪz/ o‘rniga /əz/ yoziladi; bu farq sezilarsiz.
Yozuv aldaydigan joylar
Qoida tovushga bog‘liq, shuning uchun harfga qarab o‘qisangiz, adashasiz:
- -es har doim /ɪz/ emas. Goes /ɡəʊz/, does /dʌz/, potatoes /pəˈteɪtəʊz/, heroes — bularda e o‘qilmaydi. /ɪz/ faqat sirg‘aluvchi tovushdan keyin.
- Yozuvda -s, lekin /ɪz/. Houses, places, pieces, judges, uses — yozuvda so‘z -e bilan tugaydi, qo‘shimcha -s, lekin oldingi tovush /s/, /z/ yoki /dʒ/, demak /ɪz/.
- gh = /f/. Laughs, coughs — oxirgi tovush /f/, shuning uchun /s/.
- x = /ks/. Boxes, fixes, taxes — /ks/ ichida /s/ bor, demak /ɪz/.
- Tovush o‘zgaradigan so‘zlar. House /haʊs/ → houses /ˈhaʊzɪz/ (s → z); knife → knives /naɪvz/; leaf → leaves /liːvz/.
- Kutilmagan unli. Says /sez/, does /dʌz/ — asos fe’ldan (say /seɪ/, do /duː/) farq qiladi.
- Clothes. /kləʊðz/, ko‘pincha /kləʊz/ deb ham aytiladi. “Klo-zis” deb uch bo‘g‘in qilmang.
Egalik ’s va qisqarishlar
Ismlarga qo‘shilganda ham xuddi shu uch tovush:
| Misol | Talaffuz | Qoida |
|---|---|---|
| Jack’s car | /dʒæks/ | k — jarangsiz → /s/ |
| Ali’s phone | /ˈɑːliz/ | unli → /z/ |
| Aziz’s book | /əˈziːzɪz/ | z → /ɪz/ |
| the boss’s office | /ˈbɒsɪz/ | s → /ɪz/ |
| my parents’ house | /ˈpeərənts/ | ko‘plikka ’ qo‘shilsa, tovush qo‘shilmaydi |
Qisqarishlar: it’s /ɪts/, what’s /wɒts/, that’s /ðæts/ — /s/; he’s /hiːz/, she’s /ʃiːz/, there’s /ðeəz/ — /z/. Where’s the bus? savolida where’s /weəz/ bo‘ladi.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarining to‘rt xatosi
1. /z/ jarangsizlanadi. O‘zbek tilida so‘z oxiridagi jarangli undosh jarangsiz aytiladi, shuning uchun dogs — “doks”, he goes — “gous”, pens — “pens” bo‘lib qoladi. Tinglovchi odatda tushunadi, lekin nutq aksentli eshitiladi. Bu umumiy muammo haqida so‘z oxiridagi undoshlar sahifasida batafsil.
2. -es hamma joyda /ɪz/. Yozuvdagi -es ni ko‘rib, goes ni “go-iz”, tomatoes ni “tomeytoz-iz” deyish.
3. Qo‘shimchani umuman tashlash. O‘zbekchada -lar ko‘pincha son bilan ishlatilmaydi: “uchta kitob”. Shu odat bilan three book deyiladi. Ingliz tilida son bo‘lsa ham ko‘plik kerak: three books. He/she/it bilan -s ham ko‘p tushib qoladi: She work — noto‘g‘ri; to‘g‘ri shakl va qoidasi Present Simple sahifasida.
4. /ɪz/ ni urg‘uli qilish. Watches — /ˈwɒtʃɪz/, urg‘u birinchi bo‘g‘inda. “Wotch-IZ” deb oxirini kuchli aytmang: qo‘shimcha qisqa va kuchsiz.
Mashq uchun 10 gap
Qalin so‘zlardagi -s ni avval o‘zingiz belgilang, keyin qavsdagi javob bilan solishtirib, ovoz chiqarib o‘qing.
- 1. My sister watches films and reads books at weekends. (/ɪz/, /z/)
- 2. He likes dogs but hates cats. (/s/, /z/, /s/)
- 3. The buses to Chilonzor leave every ten minutes. (/ɪz/, /s/)
- 4. It’s Aziz’s birthday on Friday. (/s/, /ɪz/)
- 5. She washes the dishes after dinner. (/ɪz/, /ɪz/)
- 6. My grandmother grows tomatoes, potatoes and onions. (/z/, /z/, /z/, /z/)
- 7. He fixes old watches in a small shop near Chorsu. (/ɪz/, /ɪz/)
- 8. What’s the price of these shoes? (/s/, /z/)
- 9. The teacher checks our tests on Mondays. (/s/, /s/, /z/)
- 10. Our neighbour plays the piano and sings. (/z/, /z/)
Tests /tests/ — ikki /s/ yonma-yon, lekin /ɪz/ kerak emas, chunki oldingi tovush /t/.
Yozib olib solishtiring
- 1. Lug‘at odatda so‘zning asosiy shaklini o‘qib beradi. Cambridge Dictionary da watch, change, dog ning oxirgi tovushini tinglang va qaysi ustunga tushishini aniqlang. Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries da ko‘p fe’llar sahifasida “Verb Forms” jadvali bor: u yerda he/she/it shakli (watches, changes) alohida audio bilan berilgan.
- 2. Har ustundan 3 tadan so‘z tanlang va o‘zingizni yozib oling.
- 3. Yozuvni tinglang: /z/ li so‘zlarning oxirida “zzz” titrash eshitiladimi yoki “sss”mi? /ɪz/ li so‘zlarda bo‘g‘inlar sonini sanang: watches — ikki, changes — ikki.
- 4. Yuqoridagi 10 gapdan uchtasini yozib oling. Ertasiga shu yozuvni tinglab, belgilangan tovushlardan qaysilari to‘g‘ri chiqqanini hisoblang.
Mashq: 15 so‘z
A. Har bir so‘zdagi -s qanday o‘qiladi: /s/, /z/ yoki /ɪz/?
- 1. maps
- 2. rooms
- 3. classes
- 4. knives
- 5. sleeps
- 6. oranges
- 7. phones
- 8. photographs
- 9. matches
- 10. says
B. Gapdagi qalin so‘zlar.
- 11. It’s late.
- 12. Where’s Nodira’s bag?
- 13. I like James’s new car.
- 14. She misses her family.
- 15. He breathes slowly.
Javoblar
1 — /s/ (p); 2 — /z/ (m); 3 — /ɪz/ (s); 4 — /z/ (f → v); 5 — /s/ (p); 6 — /ɪz/ (dʒ); 7 — /z/ (n); 8 — /s/ (ph = /f/); 9 — /ɪz/ (tʃ); 10 — /z/, unli /e/: /sez/.
11 — /s/ (t dan keyin). 12 — /z/ (unli a dan keyin). 13 — /ɪz/: James’s /ˈdʒeɪmzɪz/, chunki ism /z/ bilan tugaydi. 14 — /ɪz/. 15 — /z/, chunki oldingi tovush /ð/.
8 va 10-savollarda adashgan bo‘lsangiz, yana bir marta eslang: qoida yozuvga emas, tovushga qarab ishlaydi.
BandMate bilan mashq
Qoidani bilganingizdan keyin eng qiyini — uni tez nutqda ishlatish. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan oilangiz va kundalik odatlaringiz haqida so‘raydi: My brother works…, She usually watches… kabi gaplar ko‘p chiqadi va talaffuzingiz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz. Suhbatdan keyin eng ko‘p tushirib qoldirgan -s laringizni yozib, o‘sha gaplarni qayta ayting. Ko‘plik shakllarining imlosi uchun birlik va ko‘plik qoidalari sahifasi foydali.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — UK va US transkripsiya va audio.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — so‘z shakllari va British/North American audio.
