Ingliz tilida so‘z oxiridagi jarangli undosh jarangsizga aylanmaydi: bed /bed/ va bet /bet/, dog /dɒɡ/ va dock /dɒk/ — har xil so‘zlar. Ularni ajratishning eng ishonchli yo‘li unlining uzunligi: jarangli undoshdan oldin unli uzunroq (bed — “be-e-d”), jarangsizdan oldin qisqa va uzilgan (bet). Oxirgi undoshni ham ovoz bilan tugating, lekin ortidan unli qo‘shmang.
Muammo qayerdan keladi
O‘zbek tilida so‘z oxiridagi jarangli undosh odatda jarangsiz aytiladi: kitob — [kitop], barg — [bark], Farhod — [farhot]. Rus tilida bu qoida yanada qat’iy: хлеб [xlʲep], сад [sat], друг [druk], глаз [glas]. Ikkala tilda ham bu xato emas, tilning me’yori. Chunki o‘zbek va rus tilida kitob/kitop kabi juftlar ma’noni ajratmaydi.
Ingliz tilida esa ajratadi. Shu odat bilan gapirsangiz, quyidagilar sodir bo‘ladi:
| Siz aytmoqchisiz | Eshitiladi | Ma’no qanday o‘zgaradi |
|---|---|---|
| I need a bed. | I need a bet. | karavot → garov |
| Where’s my card? | Where’s my cart? | karta → arava |
| She has a dog. | She has a dock. | it → port, bandargoh |
| Don’t lose it. | Don’t loose it. | yo‘qotmoq → bo‘shatmoq |
| I love your eyes. | I love your ice. | ko‘zlar → muz |
| It was very hard. | It was very heart. | qiyin → yurak |
Bu xato bag — back kabi eng mashhur juftdan ancha kengroq. Etti juft undoshning hammasida uchraydi, jumladan grammatik qo‘shimchalarda ham: dogs “doks”, played “pleyt” bo‘lib qoladi.
Inglizlar farqni qanday eshitadi
Ko‘pchilik o‘rganuvchilar “oxirgi d ni kuchli jarangli aytish kerak” deb o‘ylaydi. Aslida inglizlarning o‘zi ham oxirgi d, b, g ni to‘liq jaranglatmaydi. Tinglovchi asosan ikki belgiga tayanadi:
- 1. Unli uzunligi. Jarangli undoshdan oldingi unli sezilarli darajada uzunroq. Bead /biːd/ dagi /iː/ beat /biːt/ dagisidan uzun. Bu qoida qisqa unlilarga ham tegishli: bed dagi /e/ bet dagisidan uzun.
- 2. Tugash usuli. Jarangsiz undosh (t, k, p, s) oldingi unlini keskin kesadi. Jarangli undoshga (d, g, b, z) esa ovoz yumshoq o‘tadi.
Demak, eng foydali odat: jarangli undosh oldidan unlini cho‘zing. Bu o‘zbek tilida so‘zlashuvchi uchun g‘alati tuyuladi, lekin ingliz qulog‘iga aynan shu kerak.
Tez sinov: bee — bead — beat ni ketma-ket ayting. Unli eng uzun bee da, keyin bead da, eng qisqasi beat da bo‘lishi kerak. Xuddi shunday: no — nose — note, say — save — safe.
Etti juft: minimal juftliklar jadvali
| Juft | Jarangli oxir (unli uzun) | Jarangsiz oxir (unli qisqa) |
|---|---|---|
| /b/ — /p/ | cab /kæb/, rob /rɒb/, tab /tæb/ | cap /kæp/, rope /rəʊp/, tap /tæp/ |
| /d/ — /t/ | bed /bed/, card /kɑːd/, ride /raɪd/, need /niːd/ | bet /bet/, cart /kɑːt/, right /raɪt/, neat /niːt/ |
| /ɡ/ — /k/ | dog /dɒɡ/, pig /pɪɡ/, log /lɒɡ/ | dock /dɒk/, pick /pɪk/, lock /lɒk/ |
| /v/ — /f/ | save /seɪv/, prove /pruːv/ | safe /seɪf/, proof /pruːf/ |
| /z/ — /s/ | eyes /aɪz/, peas /piːz/, lose /luːz/ | ice /aɪs/, peace /piːs/, loose /luːs/ |
| /dʒ/ — /tʃ/ | ridge /rɪdʒ/, badge /bædʒ/ | rich /rɪtʃ/, batch /bætʃ/ |
| /ð/ — /θ/ | breathe /briːð/, bathe /beɪð/ | breath /breθ/, bath /bɑːθ/ |
Oxirgi qatorga e’tibor bering: breathe/breath va bathe/bath juftlarida unli ham har xil. Amerika talaffuzida bath /bæθ/, card /kɑːrd/ bo‘ladi, lekin jarangli-jarangsiz qoidasi bir xil. TH tovushining o‘zi haqida TH tovushi sahifasida batafsil yozilgan.
Bir so‘z, ikki talaffuz: ot va fe’l
Ba’zi so‘zlarda faqat oxirgi undosh ot va fe’lni ajratadi. Bu juftlar imtihonda ham, ish yozishmalarida ham tez-tez uchraydi:
| Ot (jarangsiz) | Fe’l (jarangli) | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| advice /ədˈvaɪs/ — maslahat | advise /ədˈvaɪz/ — maslahat bermoq | Can you advise me? I need your advice. |
| use /juːs/ — foyda | use /juːz/ — ishlatmoq | What’s the use? How do you use it? |
| house /haʊs/ — uy | house /haʊz/ — joylashtirmoq | This building houses a museum. |
| belief /bɪˈliːf/ — ishonch | believe /bɪˈliːv/ — ishonmoq | I believe you. |
| half /hɑːf/ — yarim | halve /hɑːv/ — teng ikkiga bo‘lmoq | Halve the onion. |
| excuse /ɪkˈskjuːs/ — bahona | excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz/ — kechirmoq | Excuse me. That’s a bad excuse. |
Excuse me dagi /z/ ni “ekskyus mi” deb aytish o‘zbeklarda juda keng tarqalgan. To‘g‘risi: /ɪkˈskjuːz miː/.
Grammatik qo‘shimchalardagi oxirgi tovush
Jarangsizlanish odati eng ko‘p zarar beradigan joy — qo‘shimchalar:
- -s qo‘shimchasi: dogs /dɒɡz/ “doks” emas; goes /ɡəʊz/ “gous” emas. To‘liq qoida: s qo‘shimchasi talaffuzi.
- -ed qo‘shimchasi: played /pleɪd/ “pleyt” emas; lived /lɪvd/ “livt” emas. Qoidasi -ed talaffuzi sahifasida.
Uch xil noto‘g‘ri “tuzatish”
Muammoni bilgan o‘rganuvchi ba’zan boshqa tomonga o‘tib ketadi:
| Xato | Qanday eshitiladi | To‘g‘ri yo‘l |
|---|---|---|
| Oxiriga unli qo‘shish | bed → “bedə”, big → “bigə” | Undosh bilan to‘xtang, ovozni unlida cho‘zing |
| Oxirgi undoshni butunlay tashlash | bed → “be”, food → “fu” | Til tish milkiga tegsin, og‘iz yopilsin |
| Hamma oxirgi undoshni jaranglatish | bus → “baz”, nice → “nayz” | Faqat yozuvdagi emas, lug‘atdagi tovushga qarang |
Oxirgi qator muhim: bus, nice, house (ot) da oxirida /s/ bor, garchi o‘zbek ko‘zi s ni ko‘rib, -se ni boshqacha o‘qishga moyil bo‘lsa ham.
12 so‘z va 8 gap bilan mashq
So‘zlar (unlini cho‘zib ayting): road /rəʊd/, bag /bæɡ/, job /dʒɒb/, five /faɪv/, size /saɪz/, bridge /brɪdʒ/, friend /frend/, blood /blʌd/, leave /liːv/, cheese /tʃiːz/, clothes /kləʊðz/, head /hed/.
Gaplar (qalin so‘zlar juftlik):
- 1. Is that a bed or a bet?
- 2. Please don’t lose the loose key.
- 3. The dog ran to the dock.
- 4. Turn right and ride for five minutes.
- 5. I’ll save the money in a safe.
- 6. A cab is waiting, take your cap.
- 7. Take a deep breath and breathe slowly.
- 8. My advice is simple: advise him to rest.
Yozib olib solishtirish tartibi
- 1. Cambridge Dictionary da bed va bet ni oching, UK audiosini ketma-ket tinglang. Faqat unli uzunligiga quloq soling.
- 2. O‘zingizni yozib oling: bed, bet, bed, bet. Keyin tartibni aralashtirib yozing va bir kundan keyin tinglang: qaysi biri qaysi ekanini topa olasizmi? Topa olmasangiz, tinglovchi ham topa olmaydi.
- 3. Xuddi shunday uchta juftlik bilan qiling: dog–dock, eyes–ice, save–safe. Taqqoslash uchun Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries audiosidan ham foydalaning.
- 4. Qo‘lingizni tomog‘ingizga qo‘yib zzzz va ssss deng. /z/ da titrash bor, /s/ da yo‘q. Keyin eyes ni oxirigacha titrash bilan tugatishga harakat qiling.
- 5. Haftaning oxirida 8 ta gapni bir yozuvga oling va birinchi yozuvingiz bilan solishtiring.
Yana ko‘p juftliklar uchun minimal juftliklar mashqi sahifasiga o‘ting.
Mashq: 12 savol
A. Qaysi so‘zda unli uzunroq?
- 1. feed — feet
- 2. cab — cap
- 3. rice — rise
- 4. leaf — leave
B. Ot yoki fe’l? Oxirgi tovushni yozing (/s/ yoki /z/).
- 5. Can I use your phone?
- 6. There’s no use in waiting.
- 7. Thanks for the advice.
- 8. Doctors advise drinking water.
C. Gapga mos so‘zni tanlang.
- 9. He won the ___ on the football match. (bed / bet)
- 10. An old man sells fruit from a ___ near the bazaar. (cart / card)
- 11. Please close the ___ on the door. (log / lock)
- 12. Can you ___ that you live here? (prove / proof)
Javoblar
1 — feed; 2 — cab; 3 — rise; 4 — leave. Har doim jarangli undosh oldidagi unli uzunroq.
5 — /z/ (fe’l); 6 — /s/ (ot); 7 — /s/ (ot); 8 — /z/ (fe’l).
9 — bet; 10 — cart; 11 — lock; 12 — prove. Can you dan keyin fe’l keladi, shuning uchun oxiri jarangli: /pruːv/. Proof — ot, “dalil”.
Agar A qismida xato qilsangiz, muammo eshitishda: juftliklarni avval faqat tinglang, keyin aytishga o‘ting.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan gaplashayotganda talaffuzingiz haqida fikr olasiz va xato chiqqan gapni qayta aytishingiz mumkin. Bu mavzu uchun Bandiga o‘z xonangiz yoki sumkangizdagi narsalar haqida gapirib bering: bed, bag, card, keys, clothes kabi jarangli oxirli so‘zlar tabiiy ravishda ko‘p chiqadi. AI fikri yordamchi vosita; yuqoridagi yozib olish tartibi bilan birga ishlating.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — UK va US transkripsiya va audio.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — British va North American audio.
