-ed qo‘shimchasi uch xil o‘qiladi: fe’l /t/ yoki /d/ tovushi bilan tugasa /ɪd/ (wanted), jarangsiz tovush bilan tugasa /t/ (worked), jarangli tovush yoki unli bilan tugasa /d/ (played). Qoida harfga emas, fe’lning oxirgi tovushiga qaraydi. Faqat /ɪd/ holatida yangi bo‘g‘in qo‘shiladi; worked bir bo‘g‘in, “work-ed” emas.
Qoida bitta jadvalda
| Fe’l oxiridagi tovush | -ed talaffuzi | Bo‘g‘in qo‘shiladimi? | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| /t/, /d/ | /ɪd/ | Ha | want → wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/ |
| Jarangsiz: /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /θ/ | /t/ | Yo‘q | stop → stopped /stɒpt/ |
| Jarangli: /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /ð/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/ va barcha unlilar | /d/ | Yo‘q | play → played /pleɪd/ |
Jarangli yoki jarangsizligini qanday bilasiz? Barmoqlaringizni tomog‘ingizga qo‘yib, tovushni cho‘zib ayting: “zzzz”, keyin “ssss”. /z/ da tomoq titraydi — jarangli. /s/ da titramaydi — jarangsiz. /v/ va /f/, /b/ va /p/ juftliklarida ham shunday.
Harfga ishonmang. Fix “x” bilan tugaydi, lekin oxirgi tovush /s/ (/fɪks/), shuning uchun fixed /fɪkst/. Laugh “gh” bilan tugaydi, tovush /f/, demak laughed /lɑːft/. Dance “e” bilan tugaydi, lekin oxirgi tovush /s/, shuning uchun danced /dɑːnst/. Raise ham “e” bilan tugaydi, lekin tovush /z/, shuning uchun raised /reɪzd/.
60 ta fe’l, talaffuz bo‘yicha saralangan
/ɪd/ — yangi bo‘g‘in qo‘shiladi (20 ta)
| Fe’l | Misol gap |
|---|---|
| wanted | She wanted to study in Seoul. |
| needed | We needed more time. |
| started | The lesson started at nine. |
| decided | I decided to take the bus. |
| visited | They visited Bukhara last spring. |
| waited | We waited for twenty minutes. |
| invited | He invited me to his wedding. |
| created | She created a new website. |
| attended | I attended a webinar. |
| graduated | My sister graduated in 2024. |
| added | I added some salt. |
| ended | The film ended badly. |
| landed | The plane landed on time. |
| counted | He counted the money twice. |
| hated | I hated maths at school. |
| painted | We painted the kitchen. |
| printed | Have you printed the tickets? |
| included | Breakfast is included. |
| repeated | The teacher repeated the question. |
| expected | It was harder than I expected. |
/t/ — jarangsiz tovushdan keyin (20 ta)
| Fe’l | Misol gap |
|---|---|
| worked | I worked late yesterday. |
| asked | She asked a good question. |
| looked | He looked tired. |
| helped | My friend helped me move. |
| stopped | The bus stopped suddenly. |
| hoped | We hoped for better weather. |
| dropped | I dropped my phone. |
| washed | I washed the dishes. |
| finished | Have you finished the report? |
| watched | We watched the match at home. |
| reached | They reached Tashkent at night. |
| touched | She touched my arm. |
| missed | I missed the last metro train. |
| passed | She passed the exam. |
| fixed | He fixed my laptop. |
| danced | Everyone danced at the party. |
| laughed | The whole class laughed. |
| cooked | My mum cooked plov. |
| booked | I booked a table for four. |
| typed | I typed my password wrong. |
/d/ — jarangli tovush yoki unlidan keyin (20 ta)
| Fe’l | Misol gap |
|---|---|
| played | We played football after class. |
| stayed | I stayed at home. |
| called | Someone called you. |
| lived | They lived in Namangan. |
| loved | She loved the book. |
| opened | The shop opened at eight. |
| cleaned | I cleaned my room. |
| changed | The plan changed. |
| arrived | We arrived late. |
| listened | Nobody listened to me. |
| studied | He studied medicine. |
| tried | I tried again. |
| cried | The baby cried all night. |
| allowed | Phones aren’t allowed here. |
| planned | We planned everything. |
| used | I used a dictionary. |
| answered | She answered in English. |
| remembered | I remembered his name. |
| travelled | They travelled by train. |
| raised | He raised his hand. |
Travelled britancha yozilishi; amerikacha traveled. Talaffuzi bir xil.
Istisnolar va nozik joylar
- used to (odat) — /ˈjuːs tə/, ya’ni /t/ eshitiladi: I used to live in Andijan. Lekin “ishlatdi” ma’nosidagi used — /juːzd/.
- -ed bilan tugaydigan ba’zi sifatlar /ɪd/ o‘qiladi: naked /ˈneɪkɪd/, wicked, crooked, rugged, wretched, an aged man /ˈeɪdʒɪd/, a learned professor /ˈlɜːnɪd/. Fe’l sifatida esa He aged quickly /eɪdʒd/, I learned a lot /lɜːnd/.
- -edly qo‘shimchasi ko‘pincha /ɪd/ beradi: supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdli/, allegedly, markedly.
- Undosh keyingi so‘zga ulanadi. Asked a question — /ɑːsk tə ˈkwestʃən/ kabi eshitiladi. Worked there da /t/ deyarli eshitilmaydi. Shuning uchun tinglashda o‘tgan zamonni ko‘pincha boshqa so‘zlardan (yesterday, last week) tushunasiz. Bu hodisa haqida batafsil: connected speech.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilari qiladigan uch xato
1. Har -ed ni alohida bo‘g‘in qilish. Yozilishiga qarab “work-ed”, “ask-ed”, “look-ed” deyish eng keng tarqalgan xato. Maktabda so‘zni harf bo‘yicha o‘qishga o‘rganganimiz sabab bo‘ladi. Tuzatish: /t/ va /d/ guruhidagi fe’llarni bir nafasda, bitta bo‘g‘in qilib ayting.
2. Oxirgi /d/ ni /t/ ga aylantirish. O‘zbek va rus tillarida so‘z oxiridagi jarangli undosh ko‘pincha jarangsizlanadi: “kitob” [kitop] kabi eshitiladi. Natijada played “pleyt”, lived “livt” bo‘lib qoladi. Tuzatish: /d/ dan oldingi unlini biroz cho‘zing — ingliz tilida jarangli undosh oldidagi unli uzunroq eshitiladi.
3. -ed ni butunlay tashlab ketish. Yesterday I work until eight. Undoshlar to‘planib qolganda (asked /ɑːskt/, watched /wɒtʃt/) oxiri yo‘qoladi. Tuzatish: avval oxiridan boshlab mashq qiling: /t/ → /kt/ → /skt/ → /ɑːskt/.
Boshqa talaffuz muammolari uchun o‘zbeklar qiladigan inglizcha talaffuz xatolari ro‘yxatiga qarang.
Mashq 1: 15 ta fe’lni guruhlang
Har bir fe’lni /t/, /d/ yoki /ɪd/ deb belgilang. Avval ovoz chiqarib ayting, keyin yozing.
- 1. jumped
- 2. smiled
- 3. needed
- 4. kissed
- 5. rained
- 6. shouted
- 7. pushed
- 8. enjoyed
- 9. mixed
- 10. robbed
- 11. guided
- 12. breathed
- 13. reached
- 14. hugged
- 15. relaxed
Javoblar: 1 — /t/; 2 — /d/; 3 — /ɪd/; 4 — /t/; 5 — /d/; 6 — /ɪd/; 7 — /t/; 8 — /d/; 9 — /t/ (oxiri /ks/); 10 — /d/; 11 — /ɪd/; 12 — /d/ (/ð/ jarangli); 13 — /t/; 14 — /d/; 15 — /t/ (oxiri /ks/).
Mashq 2: gaplarni o‘qing
Quyidagi hikoyani ovoz chiqarib o‘qing va telefoningizga yozib oling. Qavs ichida -ed ning talaffuzi berilgan.
Last Saturday I planned (/d/) a quiet day, but my brother called (/d/) at eight. He needed (/ɪd/) help, so I walked (/t/) to his flat. We painted (/ɪd/) the kitchen, fixed (/t/) a shelf and cleaned (/d/) the floor. In the evening we ordered (/d/) pizza and watched (/t/) a film. I expected (/ɪd/) a boring weekend, but I really enjoyed (/d/) it.
Yozuvni tinglang: walked, fixed, watched bir bo‘g‘in eshitildimi? Planned, called, cleaned oxirida “t” emas, yumshoq /d/ bormi? Agar ikki marta xato bo‘lsa, faqat o‘sha so‘zlarni jadvaldagi misol gap bilan uch marta qaytaring.
5 daqiqalik kunlik tartib
- 1-daqiqa: jadvaldan har guruhdan bittadan fe’l oling va tomog‘ingizni ushlab oxirgi tovushni tekshiring.
- 2-daqiqa: shu uch fe’l bilan o‘zingiz haqingizda kechagi kun haqida gap tuzing.
- 3–4-daqiqa: gaplarni yozib oling va tinglang.
- 5-daqiqa: faqat bitta xatoni tuzatib, gapni qayta ayting.
Qaysi fe’llar -ed olishini bilmasangiz, avval regular va irregular verbs farqini ko‘ring: went, saw, bought kabi noto‘g‘ri fe’llarda -ed umuman yo‘q.
BandMate bilan talaffuzni tekshirish
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan kechagi kuningiz haqida ovozli suhbat qilsangiz, o‘tgan zamon fe’llarini tabiiy vaziyatda ishlatasiz. Ilova talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr beradi va noaniq aytilgan so‘zlarni ko‘rsatadi. Bu fonetika o‘qituvchisining batafsil tahlili emas, lekin “work-ed” kabi odatni erta payqashga yordam beradi.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — har bir so‘zning britancha va amerikacha talaffuzi audio bilan.
