Ingliz tilida ma’no tashiydigan so‘zlar — ot, asosiy fe’l, sifat, ravish, inkor va savol so‘zlari — kuchli aytiladi, yordamchi so‘zlar esa qisqa va xira. Intonatsiya, ya’ni ovoz ohangi, gap tugaganini, savol ekanini yoki gapiruvchining munosabatini bildiradi: darak gapda ohang pasayadi ↘, yes/no savolda ko‘tariladi ↗. Quyida har qoida belgilangan misol bilan, oxirida esa mashqlar javoblari bilan.
Belgilar: KATTA HARF — urg‘uli so‘z yoki bo‘g‘in; ↘ — ohang pasayadi; ↗ — ohang ko‘tariladi; ↘↗ — avval pasayib, keyin ko‘tariladi.
Uch darajani ajrating
| Daraja | Nima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| So‘z urg‘usi | So‘z ichidagi kuchli bo‘g‘in | PHOtograph, phoTOgrapher, photoGRAphic |
| Gap urg‘usi | Gapdagi kuchli so‘zlar | I NEED to CALL my MUM. |
| Intonatsiya | Butun gapning ohang chizig‘i | Are you READY ↗? / I’m READY ↘. |
So‘z urg‘usini noto‘g‘ri qo‘ysangiz, so‘z tanilmay qolishi mumkin. Gap urg‘usi va intonatsiyada xato qilsangiz, gapingiz tushuniladi, lekin robotga o‘xshab yoki keskin eshitiladi.
Gap urg‘usi: qaysi so‘zlar kuchli
Kuchli (content words): otlar, asosiy fe’llar, sifatlar, ravishlar, not va qisqartmalari (can’t, don’t), savol so‘zlari (what, where, why), this/that kabi ko‘rsatish olmoshlari.
Kuchsiz (function words): artikllar, predloglar, yordamchi fe’llar (is, are, was, have, can — tasdiq gapda), bog‘lovchilar (and, but), shaxs olmoshlari.
Belgilangan misollar:
- I WANT to GO to the MARket on SATurday.
- WHERE did you BUY those SHOES?
- She CAN’T COME toDAY.
- We’ve been WAITing for an HOUR.
- It was the BEST DAY of my LIFE.
Urg‘uli so‘zlar orasidagi vaqt taxminan teng bo‘lishga intiladi. Shuning uchun urg‘usiz so‘zlar qancha ko‘p bo‘lsa, ular shuncha tez aytiladi. “I WANT to GO” va “I WANT to be ABLE to GO” gaplarida ikkinchisidagi to be able to qismi siqilib aytiladi.
Kuchsiz shakllar jadvali
| So‘z | Kuchli shakl | Kuchsiz shakl | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | /eɪ/ | /ə/ | a CUP of TEA |
| the | /ðiː/ | /ðə/ | the BUS STOP |
| to | /tuː/ | /tə/ | I NEED to GO |
| for | /fɔː/ | /fə/ | WAIT for ME |
| of | /ɒv/ | /əv/ | a LOT of PEOPle |
| and | /ænd/ | /ən/ | BREAD and BUTter |
| can | /kæn/ | /kən/ | I can SWIM |
| was | /wɒz/ | /wəz/ | it was LATE |
| are | /ɑː/ | /ə/ | WHERE are you FROM? |
| have | /hæv/ | /həv/ yoki /əv/ | I should have CALLED |
| from | /frɒm/ | /frəm/ | a LETter from SAra |
Kuchli shakl gap oxirida va qarama-qarshi qo‘yganda ishlatiladi: Yes, I CAN /kæn/. Where are you FROM /frɒm/ — gap oxirida.
Ma’noni o‘zgartiruvchi urg‘u (focus stress)
Bir gapning o‘zi urg‘u qayerga tushishiga qarab turli ma’no beradi:
- I didn’t take your phone. — Men olmadim, boshqa odam olgan.
- I DIDN’T take your phone. — Yo‘q, olmaganman (qat’iy inkor).
- I didn’t TAKE your phone. — Olmadim, faqat qarab qo‘ydim.
- I didn’t take YOUR phone. — Seniki emas, boshqa odamnikini oldim.
- I didn’t take your PHONE. — Telefonni emas, zaryadlagichni oldim.
Suhbatda xatoni tuzatganda ham shu ishlatiladi: “Is the meeting on TUESday?” — “No, it’s on THURSday.”
Intonatsiyaning 5 asosiy chizig‘i
1. Pasayuvchi ohang ↘ — darak gap, wh-savol, buyruq.
- I live in NAmangan ↘.
- WHERE do you WORK ↘?
- CLOSE the DOOR, please ↘.
2. Ko‘tariluvchi ohang ↗ — yes/no savol, so‘rab aniqlash.
- Are you COMing ↗?
- Is this SEAT TAKen ↗?
- Sorry, toMORrow ↗? (Ertagami? — aniqlashtirish)
3. Pasayib-ko‘tariluvchi ↘↗ — to‘liq aytilmagan fikr, muloyim e’tiroz, “lekin” ma’nosi.
- The PRICE is OK ↘↗… (…lekin boshqa narsa yoqmadi)
- I LIKE it ↘↗, but it’s too exPENsive ↘.
4. Sanash — har bir element ↗, oxirgisi ↘.
- I bought APples ↗, BREAD ↗, and MILK ↘.
5. Tag questions — ohang ma’noni hal qiladi.
- It’s COLD today, ISn’t it ↘? — Rozilik kutyapman, bu haqiqiy savol emas.
- You’re COMing tonight, AREn’t you ↗? — Aniq bilmayman, so‘rayapman.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarining odatiy xatolari
Har bir so‘zga bir xil kuch berish. O‘zbek tilida bo‘g‘inlar tekisroq aytiladi, shuning uchun “I - WANT - TO - GO - TO - THE - MAR - KET” kabi har bir so‘z aniq aytiladi. Natijada nutq sekin va sun’iy eshitiladi. Tuzatish: pastdagi “tap” mashqi.
So‘z oxiriga urg‘u qo‘yish. O‘zbek tilida urg‘u ko‘pincha oxirgi bo‘g‘inga tushadi. Shu odat bilan comfortABLE, vegeTAble deyiladi. To‘g‘risi: COMfortable, VEGetable.
Rus tilidagi urg‘uni ko‘chirish. Ruschadan kirgan o‘xshash so‘zlarda urg‘u ko‘pincha boshqa joyda:
| Rus tilidagi odat | To‘g‘ri inglizcha |
|---|---|
| интернЕт → interNET | INternet |
| процЕсс → proCESS | PROcess |
| факультЕт → faculTY | FACulty |
| докумЕнт → docuMENT | DOCument |
| компромИсс → comproMISE | COMpromise |
| категОрия → cateGOry | CATegory |
Wh-savolni ↗ bilan tugatish. “Where do you work ↗?” ko‘pincha hayrat yoki qayta so‘rash kabi eshitiladi. Oddiy wh-savolda ohang pasayadi.
“Thank you” ni tekis aytish. Tekis yoki keskin pasaygan “thank you” sovuq eshitilishi mumkin. Tabiiy variant: THANK you ↘ — urg‘u birinchi so‘zda, ohang yumshoq pasayadi.
Talaffuzning boshqa tomonlari uchun o‘zbeklar qiladigan inglizcha talaffuz xatolari va so‘zlarning ulanishi haqida connected speech sahifalariga qarang.
Kunlik mashqlar (10 daqiqa)
1. Barmoq bilan urish (3 daqiqa). Gapni ayting va faqat urg‘uli so‘zlarda barmog‘ingiz bilan stolga uring: I WANT to GO to the MARket. Zarbalar orasidagi vaqt teng bo‘lsin. Keyin urg‘usiz so‘z qo‘shing, lekin zarbalar tezligini o‘zgartirmang: I WANT to be ABLE to GO to the MARket.
2. Faqat ohang (2 daqiqa). Og‘izni yopib, gapning ohangini “mmm” bilan ayting. So‘zlar bo‘lmasa, quloq ohang chizig‘ini aniqroq eshitadi. Keyin shu ohangni so‘zlar bilan takrorlang.
3. Focus stress zanjiri (2 daqiqa). “I didn’t take your phone” gapini besh xil urg‘u bilan ayting va har biridan keyin davomini qo‘shing: “…SHE did”, “…I just LOOKED at it”.
4. Juftlik mashqi (2 daqiqa). Bir xil so‘zlar bilan ↗ va ↘ variantlarni navbatma-navbat ayting: “You’re from Tashkent ↘.” / “You’re from Tashkent ↗?”
5. Yozib olish (1 daqiqa). Birorta qisqa audio bo‘lakdan bitta gapni oling, o‘zingiz ayting va yozib oling. Ikkalasini ketma-ket tinglab, qaysi so‘z ko‘proq ajralib turganini solishtiring.
Mashq: belgilang, keyin tekshiring
A qism. Har gapda urg‘uli so‘zlarni toping.
- 1. I’m going to the gym after work.
- 2. Could you send me the file?
- 3. We didn’t have enough time.
- 4. What are you doing tonight?
B qism. Har gap oxirida ohang ↗ mi yoki ↘ mi?
- 5. Do you like spicy food?
- 6. Why did you leave so early?
- 7. Open the window, please.
- 8. (Rozilik kutyapsiz) The film was great, wasn’t it?
- 9. (Haqiqatan bilmaysiz) You’ve met my brother, haven’t you?
- 10. Coffee, tea, or juice?
Javoblar:
- A qism: 1 — GOing, GYM, WORK. 2 — SEND, FILE (could va you kuchsiz). 3 — DIDn’t, ENOUGH, TIME. 4 — WHAT, DOing, toNIGHT.
- B qism: 5 — ↗ (yes/no savol). 6 — ↘ (wh-savol). 7 — ↘ (buyruq/iltimos). 8 — ↘. 9 — ↗. 10 — coffee ↗, tea ↗, juice ↘ (tanlov savoli, oxirgi element pasayadi).
IELTS Speaking’da talaffuz mezonida intonatsiya va urg‘u ham hisobga olinadi. Imtihonga qo‘llash uchun IELTS Speaking intonation maqolasiga qarang.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbat qilganingizda talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz va bir gapni qayta aytib, farqni sezishingiz mumkin. Ilova urg‘u va ohangning har bir nozik jihatini baholamaydi, shuning uchun yuqoridagi yozib olish mashqini ham qilib boring. AI fikri rasmiy IELTS bahosi emas.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — so‘z urg‘usini transkripsiya va audio orqali tekshirish uchun.
