Inglizcha so‘zda bitta bo‘g‘in boshqalardan balandroq, uzunroq va aniqroq aytiladi — bu urg‘u. Eng foydali uchta qoida: ikki bo‘g‘inli otlar odatda birinchi bo‘g‘inga urg‘u oladi (TAble, REcord), ikki bo‘g‘inli fe’llar ikkinchisiga (reLAX, reCORD); -tion, -ic qo‘shimchalari urg‘uni o‘zidan oldingi bo‘g‘inga tortadi (inforMAtion, ecoNOMic); -ment, -ness, -er esa urg‘uni o‘zgartirmaydi (enJOYment). Urg‘usiz unlilar ko‘pincha qisqa /ə/ ga aylanadi.
Bu sahifada belgilar: KATTA HARF — urg‘uli bo‘g‘in. Lug‘atda urg‘u ˈ belgisi bilan bo‘g‘in oldida ko‘rsatiladi: record (ot) /ˈrekɔːd/, record (fe’l) /rɪˈkɔːd/. Pastki ˌ belgisi ikkinchi darajali urg‘u.
Urg‘u nima uchun muhim
Urg‘u noto‘g‘ri tushsa, ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchi so‘zni tanimay qolishi mumkin, hatto har bir tovush to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa ham. Sababi: urg‘u unlilarni ham o‘zgartiradi. PHOtograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/ va phoTOgraphy /fəˈtɒɡrəfi/ ni solishtiring: birinchi bo‘g‘indagi o birida /əʊ/, ikkinchisida /ə/. Urg‘u ko‘chsa, butun so‘zning “surati” o‘zgaradi.
O‘zbek va rus tilidan keladigan odatlar
O‘zbek tilida urg‘u odatda oxirgi bo‘g‘inga tushadi va qo‘shimcha qo‘shilganda o‘sha qo‘shimchaga ko‘chadi: kiTOB → kitobLAR → kitoblarIM. Shu odat bilan inglizcha so‘zlarda ham oxirga urg‘u qo‘yiladi yoki qo‘shimcha urg‘uli aytiladi: developMENT, teachER. Ingliz tilida esa urg‘u asosga bog‘langan va ko‘p qo‘shimchalar uni o‘ziga olmaydi.
Rus tilida ko‘p xalqaro so‘z bor va ularning urg‘usi inglizchadan boshqa joyda. Rus tilida o‘qiganlar shu urg‘uni ko‘chiradi:
| Ruscha odat | Inglizcha to‘g‘ri | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| календАрь → calenDAR | CALendar | /ˈkælɪndə/ |
| чемпиОн → chamPION | CHAMpion | /ˈtʃæmpiən/ |
| алкогОль → alcoHOL | ALcohol | /ˈælkəhɒl/ |
| атмосфЕра → atmosPHERE | ATmosphere | /ˈætməsfɪə/ |
| горизОнт → horiZON | hoRIzon | /həˈraɪzn/ |
| демокрАтия → demoCRAcy | deMOcracy | /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/ |
| технолОгия → technoLOgy | techNOlogy | /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ |
| катастрОфа → catasTROphe | caTAStrophe | /kəˈtæstrəfi/ |
8 qoida
1. Ikki bo‘g‘inli ot va sifat — birinchi bo‘g‘in
TAble, WAter, HAPpy, BUSy, MOther, CLEver, PREtty, WINdow. Istisnolar bor: hoTEL, adVICE, maCHINE, poLICE, miSTAKE — bularni alohida yodlang.
2. Ikki bo‘g‘inli fe’l — ko‘pincha ikkinchi bo‘g‘in
reLAX, deCIDE, beGIN, forGET, exPLAIN, aGREE, arRIVE. Istisnolar: VISit, LISten, OPen, ANswer, HAPpen, TRAvel — ular birinchi bo‘g‘indan boshlanadi.
3. Bir so‘z — ot yoki fe’l: urg‘u ko‘chadi
Eng mashhur qoida shu. Yozuv bir xil, urg‘u ma’noni ajratadi:
| Ot / sifat | Fe’l | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| REcord /ˈrekɔːd/ | reCORD /rɪˈkɔːd/ | She holds the world REcord. / Let’s reCORD a podcast. |
| PREsent /ˈpreznt/ | preSENT /prɪˈzent/ | a birthday PREsent / to preSENT a project |
| OBject /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/ | obJECT /əbˈdʒekt/ | a strange OBject / I obJECT! |
| CONtract /ˈkɒntrækt/ | conTRACT /kənˈtrækt/ | sign a CONtract / metal conTRACTS |
| INcrease /ˈɪnkriːs/ | inCREASE /ɪnˈkriːs/ | a price INcrease / prices inCREASE |
| PROgress /ˈprəʊɡres/ | proGRESS /prəˈɡres/ | good PROgress / to proGRESS |
| PERmit /ˈpɜːmɪt/ | perMIT /pəˈmɪt/ | a work PERmit / Smoking is not perMITted |
| SUSpect /ˈsʌspekt/ | susPECT /səˈspekt/ | the main SUSpect / I susPECT he’s late |
| EXport /ˈekspɔːt/ | exPORT /ɪkˈspɔːt/ | cotton EXports / to exPORT cotton |
| IMport /ˈɪmpɔːt/ | imPORT /ɪmˈpɔːt/ | car IMports / to imPORT cars |
| REbel /ˈrebl/ | reBEL /rɪˈbel/ | a young REbel / to reBEL |
| CONduct /ˈkɒndʌkt/ | conDUCT /kənˈdʌkt/ | good CONduct / to conDUCT a survey |
Diqqat qiling: urg‘u ko‘chganda urg‘usiz bo‘g‘indagi unli ham o‘zgaradi: REcord da /e/, reCORD da /ɪ/. Amerikancha record (ot) /ˈrekɚd/.
4. -tion, -sion, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ity — urg‘u qo‘shimchadan oldingi bo‘g‘inda
- inforMAtion, eduCAtion, deCIsion, disCUSsion
- ecoNOMic, fanTAStic, sciENtific, poLItical
- muSIcian, poliTIcian, liBRArian
- uniVERsity, aBIlity, elecTRIcity, perSOnality
Bu eng ishonchli qoida. So‘z oilasida urg‘u qanday “sakrashini” ko‘ring: POlitics → poLItical → poliTIcian.
5. -graphy, -logy, -phy, -cracy — oxiridan uchinchi bo‘g‘in
phoTOgraphy, geOgraphy, biOlogy, techNOlogy, deMOcracy, phiLOsophy. Shu oilani yodlang: PHOtograph → phoTOgrapher / phoTOgraphy → photoGRAphic.
6. -ee, -eer, -ese, -ique, -oon — urg‘uni o‘zi oladi
employEE, trainEE, engiNEER, volunTEER, ChiNESE, JapaNESE, uNIQUE, techNIQUE, balLOON, afterNOON.
7. -ment, -ness, -ful, -less, -er, -ly, -able — urg‘u joyida qoladi
enJOY → enJOYment, HAPpy → HAPpiness, CARE → CAREful, emPLOY → emPLOYer, COMfort → COMfortable. O‘zbek odati bilan qo‘shimchani urg‘uli qilmang: developMENT emas, deVELopment.
8. Qo‘shma ot — birinchi qism; iborali fe’l — ikkinchi qism
- Qo‘shma ot: BUS stop, BEDroom, AIRport, BIRTHday, SMARTphone, FOOTball.
- Iborali fe’l: give UP, turn OFF, find OUT, get UP.
- Bir xil so‘zlar, turli urg‘u: a SET-up (tuzilma, ot) — to set UP (o‘rnatmoq); a CHECK-in — to check IN.
Qo‘shma otlar haqida ko‘proq compound nouns sahifasida. Sonlardagi thirTEEN / THIRty farqi esa alohida mavzu: raqamlar talaffuzi.
Britancha va amerikancha farq qiladigan so‘zlar
| So‘z | Britaniya | Amerika |
|---|---|---|
| garage | /ˈɡærɑːʒ/ GArage | /ɡəˈrɑːʒ/ gaRAGE |
| ballet | /ˈbæleɪ/ BALlet | /bæˈleɪ/ balLET |
| café | /ˈkæfeɪ/ CAfé | /kæˈfeɪ/ caFÉ |
| address (ot) | /əˈdres/ adDRESS | /ˈædres/ ADdress ham keng tarqalgan |
| advertisement | /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/ adVERtisement | /ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt/ adverTISEment |
Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri. Muhimi — bitta variantni tanlab, izchil ishlatish.
Urg‘usiz bo‘g‘in: qisqa va xira
Urg‘uni to‘g‘ri qo‘yish yarmi. Ikkinchi yarmi — qolgan bo‘g‘inlarni kuchsizlantirish. Banana /bəˈnɑːnə/ da uchta a bor, lekin faqat o‘rtadagisi to‘liq /ɑː/, qolgan ikkitasi qisqa /ə/. O‘zbek o‘rganuvchi uchala a ni bir xil aytsa, urg‘u “yo‘qolib” qoladi. Bu qisqa unli haqida alohida sahifa bor: schwa tovushi.
Yozib olib solishtirish tartibi
- 1. Qiyin so‘zni Cambridge Dictionary da oching. Transkripsiyada ˈ belgisini toping va urg‘uli bo‘g‘inni katta harf bilan yozing: deVELopment.
- 2. UK audiosini tinglang, keyin US audiosini. Urg‘u bir joydami? Garage, address kabi so‘zlarda farq bo‘lishi mumkin. Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries da ham tekshiring.
- 3. So‘zni “da-DA-da” ritmida g‘ingillab ayting: deVELopment → da-DA-da-da. Ritmni ushlagandan keyin so‘z bilan ayting.
- 4. Yozib oling, lug‘at audiosidan keyin darhol o‘z yozuvingizni tinglang. Eng baland bo‘g‘in bir joydami?
- 5. Ot-fe’l juftlarini gap ichida yozib oling: I want to reCORD a new REcord.
Mashq uchun 12 so‘z
Urg‘uli bo‘g‘inni o‘qishdan oldin o‘zingiz toping, keyin qavsdagi javobni tekshiring: comfortable (COM-), vegetable (VEG-), interesting (IN-), hotel (-TEL), mistake (-STAKE), photographer (-TOG-), economy (-CON-), economic (-NOM-), engineer (-NEER), develop (-VEL-), Japanese (-NESE), advertise (AD-).
Mashq: urg‘uni belgilang
A. Urg‘uli bo‘g‘inni katta harf bilan yozing.
- 1. decision
- 2. biology
- 3. employee
- 4. happiness
- 5. musician
- 6. geography
- 7. electricity
- 8. airport
B. Ot yoki fe’l? Urg‘uni belgilang.
- 9. Our town exports apples to Russia.
- 10. The shop gave me a small present.
- 11. Can I record our conversation?
- 12. There has been an increase in prices.
Javoblar
1 — deCIsion; 2 — biOlogy; 3 — employEE; 4 — HAPpiness; 5 — muSIcian; 6 — geOgraphy; 7 — elecTRIcity; 8 — AIRport.
9 — fe’l: exPORTS; 10 — ot: PREsent; 11 — fe’l: reCORD; 12 — ot: INcrease.
Qoidalar izohi: 1 va 5 — -sion/-cian oldidan; 2 va 6 — -logy/-graphy, oxiridan uchinchi bo‘g‘in; 3 — -ee o‘zi oladi; 4 — -ness urg‘uni o‘zgartirmaydi; 7 — -ity oldidan; 8 — qo‘shma ot.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda talaffuzingiz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz va shubhali so‘zni qayta aytib ko‘rishingiz mumkin. Bu mavzu uchun Bandiga o‘qishingiz yoki ishingiz haqida gapiring: university, economics, technology, development kabi uzun so‘zlar tabiiy chiqadi. Ilova har bir so‘z urg‘usini alohida baholamasligi mumkin, shuning uchun gumonli so‘zlarni lug‘atda tekshiring. Gap ichidagi urg‘u haqida keyingi qadam: gap urg‘usi va ritm.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — urg‘u belgisi, UK va US audio.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — British va North American talaffuz.
