Inglizcha gapda ma’no tashiydigan so‘zlar — otlar, asosiy fe’llar, sifatlar, ravishlar, inkor va savol so‘zlari — urg‘u oladi, yordamchi so‘zlar qisqa va kuchsiz aytiladi. Urg‘uli so‘zlar orasida eng kuchlisi odatda oxirgi yangi ma’lumot beradigan so‘z: I’m going to Samarkand on SATurday. Urg‘uni boshqa so‘zga ko‘chirsangiz, so‘z tartibi o‘zgarmasa ham gapning ma’nosi o‘zgaradi.
Belgilar: KATTA HARF — urg‘uli so‘z; qalin KATTA — gapning eng kuchli so‘zi (nucleus); / — fikr bo‘lagi chegarasi.
Ritm: urg‘uli so‘zlar bir tekis “uradi”
Uch gapni solishtiring. Har birida uchta urg‘uli so‘z bor:
- ALI BUYS BREAD.
- ALI is BUYing some BREAD.
- ALI has been BUYing the BREAD.
Ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchi uchala gapni taxminan bir xil ritmda aytadi: urg‘uli so‘zlar xuddi baraban zarbasi kabi teng oraliqda keladi, orasidagi is, some, has been, the esa siqilib ketadi. Bu ritm stress-timed deyiladi.
O‘zbek tilida bo‘g‘inlar nisbatan teng uzunlikda aytiladi. Shu odat bilan o‘zbek o‘rganuvchi ikkinchi va uchinchi gapdagi har bir so‘zga bir xil vaqt beradi: “A-li-iz-bay-ing-sam-bred”. Natija — nutq sekin, “harf-harf” eshitiladi, tinglovchi esa muhim so‘zni topishga qiynaladi.
Qo‘l bilan mashq. Stolga faqat urg‘uli so‘zlarda uring. Uchala gapni zarbalar tezligini o‘zgartirmasdan ayting. Uchinchi gapda has been ni zarbalar orasiga “sig‘dirish” uchun uni tez va kuchsiz aytishga majbur bo‘lasiz — aynan shu kerak. Yordamchi so‘zlar qanday qisqarishi haqida weak forms sahifasida batafsil.
Qaysi so‘zlar kuchli, qaysilari kuchsiz
| Odatda urg‘uli | Odatda urg‘usiz |
|---|---|
| otlar: bread, Tashkent, friend | artikllar: a, an, the |
| asosiy fe’llar: buy, work, open | yordamchi fe’llar: is, are, have, do, can, will |
| sifatlar: new, cold, expensive | predloglar: to, at, for, of, from |
| ravishlar: quickly, always, here | bog‘lovchilar: and, but, or, that |
| inkor: not, can’t, never, don’t | shaxs olmoshlari: I, you, him, it, them |
| savol so‘zlari: what, where, why | to be fe’li: am, is, was |
| ko‘rsatish olmoshlari: this, that, those | nisbiy so‘zlar: who, which (gap ichida) |
Bu ro‘yxat boshlang‘ich nuqta. Quyidagi to‘rt holatda u o‘zgaradi, va aynan shu joylar tabiiy nutqni “darslik” nutqidan ajratadi.
1. Eng kuchli so‘z: odatda oxirgi mazmunli so‘z
Har fikr bo‘lagida bitta so‘z qolganlaridan ham kuchliroq bo‘ladi. Ohang ham aynan shu so‘zda o‘zgaradi. Odatiy holatda bu oxirgi mazmunli so‘z:
- I WORK in a BANK.
- My BROther LIVES in NAmangan.
- We’re MEETing at CHORsu on FRIday.
Uzun gap bir necha bo‘lakka bo‘linadi, har birida o‘z nucleusi bor:
- When I FInished SCHOOL / I MOVED to TASHkent / and STARTed WORKing in a BANK.
2. Yangi axborot kuchli, ma’lum axborot kuchsiz
Suhbatda allaqachon aytilgan so‘z qayta kelganda urg‘usini yo‘qotadi. Urg‘u yangi ma’lumotga o‘tadi:
A: What did you BUY at the MARket?
B: I BOUGHT some APples.
A: What KIND of apples?
B: GREEN apples. / The SOUR ones.
A: Did you buy any PEARS?
B: No, I FORgot the PEARS. → yoki No, I FORgot them.
Apples ikkinchi marta kelganda kuchsiz, chunki u endi ma’lum. Yangi narsa — green, shuning uchun u eng kuchli. O‘zbek o‘rganuvchi odatda takrorlangan otga ham kuchli urg‘u beradi: “green APPLES” — bu inglizga go‘yo olma haqida endi eshitayotgandek tuyuladi.
3. Qarama-qarshi qo‘yish: urg‘u ma’noni tanlaydi
Bitta gap, to‘rt xil davom:
| Urg‘u | Nimani nazarda tutasiz |
|---|---|
| MY sister bought a new car. | …sizning opangiz emas, meniki. |
| My sister BOUGHT a new car. | …ijaraga olmadi, sotib oldi. |
| My sister bought a NEW car. | …eski emas, yangi. |
| My sister bought a new CAR. | odatiy, neytral gap. |
O‘zbek tilida bunday ta’kidni ko‘pincha so‘z tartibi yoki yuklama bilan beramiz: Yangi mashinani MEN emas, opam oldi, Opam mashinani sotib oldi-ku, aynan yangisini. Ingliz tilida so‘z tartibi qat’iy, shuning uchun ta’kid vazifasini ovoz bajaradi. Gapni o‘zgartirmang — urg‘uni ko‘chiring.
4. Kuchsiz so‘z kuchli bo‘ladigan holatlar
- Ta’kid uchun yordamchi fe’l: I DID lock the door! (Qulfladim-ku!), She IS coming, I promise. Bu yerda did, is eng kuchli so‘z.
- Gap oxirida va “Yes, I can” turidagi javoblarda: Yes, I CAN. — Who’s it FOR? — Where are you FROM?
- Olmoshni qarama-qarshi qo‘yish: I paid last time, now YOU pay.
- Iborali fe’lda yuklama: Turn it OFF. Pick me UP at six. Put your coat ON. Olmosh (it, me) kuchsiz, yuklama (off, up, on) kuchli. “Turn IT off” deyish o‘zbeklarda ko‘p uchraydi.
Qo‘shma ot yoki sifat + ot: ma’no urg‘uda
Ikki so‘zli birikmada urg‘u joyi ma’noni butunlay almashtirishi mumkin:
| Qo‘shma ot (urg‘u 1-so‘zda) | Sifat + ot (urg‘u 2-so‘zda) |
|---|---|
| a GREENhouse — issiqxona | a green HOUSE — yashil rangli uy |
| a BLACKboard — sinf doskasi | a black BOARD — qora taxta |
| a DARKroom — fotolaboratoriya | a dark ROOM — qorong‘i xona |
| a HOT dog — hot-dog (ovqat) | a hot DOG — issiqlab qolgan it |
| the WHITE House — AQSh prezidenti qarorgohi | a white HOUSE — oq uy |
So‘z ichidagi urg‘u qoidalari, jumladan qo‘shma otlar, so‘z urg‘usi sahifasida.
Mashq uchun 10 gap
Avval o‘zingiz belgilang, keyin tekshiring. Qalin — nucleus.
- 1. I’d LIKE a CUP of TEA, please.
- 2. She’s been LEARNing ENGlish for two YEARS.
- 3. We NEED to LEAVE NOW.
- 4. I DON’T KNOW.
- 5. WHAT are you DOing this WEEKend?
- 6. It’s NOT exPENsive, it’s CHEAP.
- 7. I LOST my KEYS, / and I can’t FIND them.
- 8. Can you TURN the MUsic DOWN?
- 9. My PArents LIVE in SAmarkand, / but I LIVE in TASHkent.
- 10. I DID CALL you, / but you didn’t ANswer.
7-gapda olmosh them kuchsiz qoladi, shuning uchun eng kuchli so‘z find bo‘ladi. 9-gapda ikkinchi live ma’lum axborot, shuning uchun u kuchsizroq, yangi ma’lumot — Tashkent.
Yozib olib solishtirish
- 1. Belgilang. Bitta audio bo‘lakni tanlang (transkripti bor podcast yoki video, masalan podcast bilan listening sahifasidagi manbalardan). Tinglashdan oldin transkriptdagi urg‘uli so‘zlarni o‘zingiz belgilang.
- 2. Tinglang. Audioni qo‘yib, belgilaringizni tekshiring. Qaysi so‘zlarni kutmagan joyda kuchli eshitdingiz? Odatda bu yangi va ma’lum axborot farqi bo‘ladi.
- 3. So‘zlarni tekshiring. Urg‘uli so‘zlar ichidagi bo‘g‘inni Cambridge Dictionary yoki Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries audiosida tinglang: exPENsive, SAmarkand.
- 4. Yozib oling. Gapni o‘zingiz ayting va yozib oling. Keyin asl audio bilan ketma-ket qo‘yib tinglang: urg‘uli so‘zlaringiz shu joydami, orasidagi so‘zlar yetarlicha tezmi?
- 5. Qisqa hisob. Har urinishda nechta urg‘u to‘g‘ri tushganini yozing. Bir haftada o‘sish ko‘rinadi.
IELTS Speaking’da bu ko‘nikma talaffuz mezonining bir qismi. Imtihonga qo‘llash uchun IELTS Speaking pronunciation band 7 sahifasini ko‘ring.
Mashq: 10 savol
A. B ning javobida eng kuchli so‘zni toping.
- 1. A: Is your brother a doctor? B: No, he’s a teacher.
- 2. A: Do you like green tea? B: I prefer black tea.
- 3. A: Did you go by bus? B: No, we went by metro.
- 4. A: Who broke the window? B: Timur broke it.
B. Ma’noga mos urg‘uni tanlang.
- 5. Tomatoes grow here all year. (issiqxona) — a GREENhouse / a green HOUSE
- 6. They painted their home green. — a GREENhouse / a green HOUSE
- 7. The teacher wrote on it with chalk. — a BLACKboard / a black BOARD
C. Qaysi so‘z kuchli?
- 8. “You didn’t call me!” — “I did call you!”
- 9. Switch it off, please.
- 10. Where does your friend come from?
Javoblar
1 — TEACHer (yangi ma’lumot; he’s a kuchsiz). 2 — BLACK (tea ma’lum). 3 — MEtro. 4 — TImur (broke it ma’lum).
5 — a GREENhouse; 6 — a green HOUSE; 7 — a BLACKboard.
8 — DID (ta’kid). 9 — OFF (it kuchsiz). 10 — FROM (gap oxirida, kuchli shakl /frɒm/).
2 va 4-savollarda adashsangiz, “bu so‘z oldin aytilganmi?” degan savolni har safar o‘zingizga bering.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda gapirasiz va talaffuzingiz haqida fikr olasiz. Bu mavzu uchun Bandiga oilangiz yoki shahringiz haqida gapirib bering, keyin uning qo‘shimcha savollariga javob berayotganda yangi ma’lumotni urg‘ulashga harakat qiling: No, my SIster lives there, not my brother. Ilova har bir urg‘uni alohida baholamasligi mumkin, shuning uchun o‘z yozuvingiz bilan solishtirishni ham davom ettiring.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — so‘z urg‘usi va UK/US audio.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — British va North American talaffuz.
