Ingliz tilida 40 ga yaqin yordamchi so‘z ikki xil aytiladi: kuchli shakl (lug‘atdagi, alohida aytilganda) va kuchsiz shakl (gap ichida, urg‘usiz). Kuchsiz shaklda unli ko‘pincha qisqa /ə/ ga aylanadi yoki umuman tushib qoladi: can /kæn/ → /kən/, to /tuː/ → /tə/, and /ænd/ → /ən/ yoki /n/, him /hɪm/ → /ɪm/. Tabiiy nutqda deyarli har doim kuchsiz shakl ishlatiladi. Shuning uchun ularni bilmagan odam darslikdagi gapni tushunadi, lekin real suhbat yoki audiodagi o‘sha gapni tanimaydi.
Bu sahifaning maqsadi — birinchi navbatda eshitib tanish. O‘zingiz kuchli shakllar bilan gapirsangiz, xato bo‘lmaydi, faqat nutqingiz sekinroq va “o‘qib berayotgandek” eshitiladi.
Nega aynan o‘zbek o‘rganuvchiga qiyin
Maktab va kursda yangi so‘z odatda yozuvdan o‘rganiladi va alohida o‘qiladi: to — “tu”, and — “end”, of — “ov”. Quloq shu shakllarni kutadi. Real audioda esa I want to go “ay wontə gou”, a lot of people “ə lotəv pipl” bo‘lib keladi va o‘rganuvchi “tushunarsiz joy”ni o‘tkazib yuboradi. Listening imtihonlarida xato ko‘pincha aynan shu kichik so‘zlarda bo‘ladi: at yoki for, can yoki can’t.
O‘zbek tilida bunday tizim yo‘q: va, bilan, uchun gap ichida ham deyarli to‘liq aytiladi. Qisqa unli /ə/ ham o‘zbek alifbosida alohida harf sifatida yo‘q. Bu tovush haqida batafsil: schwa tovushi.
Kuchsiz shakllar ro‘yxati (38 so‘z)
Transkripsiya britancha. Amerikada /ə/ dan keyingi r aytiladi: for /fɚ/, are /ɚ/, were /wɚ/, her /ɚ/.
Artikl, predlog va bog‘lovchilar
| So‘z | Kuchli | Kuchsiz | Gap ichida |
|---|---|---|---|
| a / an | /eɪ/ / /æn/ | /ə/ / /ən/ | an apple and a pear |
| the | /ðiː/ | /ðə/, unli oldida /ði/ | the bus, the airport |
| at | /æt/ | /ət/ | See you at six. |
| for | /fɔː/ | /fə/ | Thanks for coming. |
| from | /frɒm/ | /frəm/ | a call from Dilshod |
| of | /ɒv/ | /əv/, /ə/ | most of us |
| to | /tuː/ | /tə/, unli oldida /tu/ | to Bukhara, to Andijan |
| and | /ænd/ | /ən/, /n/ | salt and pepper |
| but | /bʌt/ | /bət/ | small but nice |
| than | /ðæn/ | /ðən/ | older than me |
| that (bog‘lovchi) | /ðæt/ | /ðət/ | I think that it’s fine. |
| as | /æz/ | /əz/ | as soon as possible |
| some | /sʌm/ | /səm/ | some bread |
| there | /ðeə/ | /ðə/ | There’s a problem. |
Olmoshlar
| So‘z | Kuchli | Kuchsiz | Gap ichida |
|---|---|---|---|
| you / your | /juː/ / /jɔː/ | /jə/ | Did you get your ticket? |
| he | /hiː/ | /i/ | Is he here? |
| him | /hɪm/ | /ɪm/ | Tell him. — “telim” |
| his | /hɪz/ | /ɪz/ | What’s his name? |
| her | /hɜː/ | /ə/, /hə/ | Ask her. — “a:skə” |
| us | /ʌs/ | /əs/ | Wait for us. |
| them | /ðem/ | /ðəm/, /əm/ | Give them water. — “givəm” |
He, him, his, her dagi /h/ gap boshida saqlanadi, gap ichida esa tushib qolishi mumkin. Shuning uchun Tell him va Tell ’em (them) tez nutqda juda o‘xshash eshitiladi.
Yordamchi va modal fe’llar
| So‘z | Kuchli | Kuchsiz | Gap ichida |
|---|---|---|---|
| am | /æm/ | /əm/, /m/ | I’m tired. |
| are | /ɑː/ | /ə/ | They’re late. How are you? |
| was | /wɒz/ | /wəz/ | It was cheap. |
| were | /wɜː/ | /wə/ | We were there. |
| been | /biːn/ | /bɪn/ | I’ve been busy. |
| do | /duː/ | /də/ | What do you want? |
| does | /dʌz/ | /dəz/ | Where does she live? |
| have | /hæv/ | /əv/, /v/ | could have been |
| has | /hæz/ | /əz/, /z/ | The film has started. |
| had | /hæd/ | /əd/, /d/ | We’d already left. |
| can | /kæn/ | /kən/ | Can you help me? |
| could | /kʊd/ | /kəd/ | Could you open it? |
| should | /ʃʊd/ | /ʃəd/ | You should try. |
| would | /wʊd/ | /wəd/, /əd/, /d/ | I’d like a coffee. |
| must | /mʌst/ | /məst/, /məs/ | You must be hungry. |
Qo‘shimcha: will → /l/ (I’ll), not → /nt/ (isn’t, don’t), is → /z/ yoki /s/ (she’s, it’s). Qisqartmalardagi ’s esa -s qo‘shimchasi kabi /s/ yoki /z/ o‘qiladi.
Kuchli shakl qachon qaytadi
Kuchsiz shakl — odatiy holat. Quyidagi besh holatda esa so‘z to‘liq aytiladi:
- 1. Gap oxirida. Who are you waiting for? /fɔː/. That’s the man I spoke to. /tuː/.
- 2. Qarama-qarshi qo‘yganda. The flowers are for you, not from you. /fɔː/, /frɒm/.
- 3. Yordamchi fe’l bilan javobda. Are you ready? — Yes, I am. /æm/. Can she drive? — She can. /kæn/.
- 4. Ta’kidda. I was there, believe me! /wɒz/.
- 5. So‘zning o‘zi haqida gapirganda. You don’t need “the” here. /ðiː/.
Yana bir farq: ko‘rsatish olmoshi that (That’s my bag) va “ba’zi” ma’nosidagi some (Some people disagree) doim kuchli. Bog‘lovchi that va “biroz” ma’nosidagi some kuchsiz.
Eng xavfli juftlik: can va can’t
| Britaniya | Amerika | |
|---|---|---|
| I can swim. | /aɪ kən ˈswɪm/ | /aɪ kən ˈswɪm/ |
| I can’t swim. | /aɪ ˈkɑːnt swɪm/ | /aɪ ˈkænt swɪm/ |
Britancha talaffuzda farq aniq: /kən/ va /kɑːnt/ unlisi har xil. Amerikada can’t ning /t/ si ko‘pincha deyarli eshitilmaydi, shuning uchun farqni urg‘u bilan ajrating: tasdiqda can kuchsiz va asosiy fe’l urg‘uli (I can SWIM), inkorda can’t ning o‘zi urg‘uli (I CAN’T swim). Agar can ni aniq eshitsangiz, ehtimol bu can’t.
Gap urg‘usi qanday ishlashini gap urg‘usi va ritm sahifasida ko‘ring.
Yozuvda ham uchraydigan “eshitish xatolari”
Kuchsiz shakllar shunchalik kuchsizki, ba’zan ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning o‘zi ham ularni noto‘g‘ri yozadi:
- should have /ʃʊd əv/ → “should of” — noto‘g‘ri yozuv, lekin eshitilishi shunday. To‘g‘risi: should have / should’ve.
- a cup of tea → a cuppa (britancha og‘zaki).
- fish and chips → fish ’n’ chips.
- going to, want to → gonna, wanna — bu mavzu connected speech sahifasida.
Imtihon yoki rasmiy yozuvda bu shakllarni yozmang, lekin eshitganda taniy oling.
Tinglab tanish uchun tartib (10 daqiqa)
- 1. Lug‘atdan boshlang (2 daqiqa). Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries da can, to, have ni oching: ko‘p yordamchi so‘zlar uchun kuchsiz va kuchli (“strong form”) transkripsiya alohida yozilgan. Cambridge Dictionary da ham ikki transkripsiyani solishtiring va audiosini tinglang.
- 2. Ikki xil o‘qing (2 daqiqa). I want to go to the shop for some bread gapini avval har so‘zni to‘liq, keyin kuchsiz shakllar bilan o‘qib, ikkalasini yozib oling. Ikkinchi variant qisqaroq bo‘lishi kerak.
- 3. Taqqoslang (2 daqiqa). Transkripti bor qisqa audioni oling. Transkriptdagi yordamchi so‘zlarni belgilab, audioda qaysi biri kuchli, qaysi biri kuchsiz eshitilganini yozing.
- 4. Diktant (4 daqiqa). Shu audiodan 3–4 gapni eshitib yozing, keyin transkript bilan tekshiring. Tushib qolgan so‘zlar deyarli har doim a, the, of, to, have bo‘ladi. Tayyor matnlar uchun diktant matnlari sahifasi foydali.
Mashq: eshitilganini yozing
A. Transkripsiyani oddiy gapga aylantiring.
- 1. /aɪ kən ˈmiːt jʊ ət ˈfaɪv/
- 2. /ˈtel ɪm tə ˈkɔːl mi/
- 3. /ˈwɒt dəz i ˈwɒnt/
- 4. /ʃiːz bɪn ˈwɜːkɪŋ fər ə ˈbæŋk/
- 5. /ðə ˈbʌs wəz ˈleɪt əˈɡen/
- 6. /ˈɡɪv əm səm ˈwɔːtə/
- 7. /aɪ ʃəd əv ˈtəʊld jʊ/
- 8. /ɪts ˈbetə ðən ˈnʌθɪŋ/
B. Qalin so‘z kuchli yoki kuchsiz aytiladi?
- 9. Where are you from?
- 10. I’m from Fergana.
- 11. Can you hear me?
- 12. Yes, I can.
- 13. I think that he’s right.
- 14. That is my phone.
Javoblar
1 — I can meet you at five. 2 — Tell him to call me. 3 — What does he want? 4 — She’s been working for a bank. 5 — The bus was late again. 6 — Give them some water. 7 — I should have told you. 8 — It’s better than nothing.
4-gapdagi for a /fər ə/ ga e’tibor bering: britancha talaffuzda for oxiridagi r unli oldida qaytib eshitiladi. 7-gap yozuvda “should of” emas.
9 — kuchli /frɒm/ (gap oxiri); 10 — kuchsiz /frəm/; 11 — kuchsiz /kən/; 12 — kuchli /kæn/ (javob); 13 — kuchsiz /ðət/ (bog‘lovchi); 14 — kuchli /ðæt/ (ko‘rsatish olmoshi).
A qismida 6 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, quloq kuchsiz shakllarga o‘rgana boshlagan. Keyingi qadam — ularni real audioda ushlash, masalan Multilevel listening mashqlarida.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbat qilasiz: u tabiiy tezlikda gapiradi, siz esa eshitib javob berasiz va talaffuzingiz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz. Tushunmagan joyda “Could you say that again?” deb so‘rang va ikkinchi marta qaysi kichik so‘zni o‘tkazib yuborganingizni aniqlang. AI fikri yordamchi; diktant tartibini ham davom ettiring.
Manbalar
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — kuchli va kuchsiz shakl transkripsiyasi, British/North American audio.
- Cambridge Dictionary — UK va US transkripsiya va audio.
