Minimal pairs (minimal juftliklar) — faqat bitta tovush bilan farq qiladigan ikki so‘z: ship /ʃɪp/ va sheep /ʃiːp/, west /west/ va vest /vest/. Ular bilan ishlash ikki bosqichli: avval quloq ikki tovushni farqlashni o‘rganadi, keyin og‘iz ularni farqli aytishni. Quyida o‘zbek tilida so‘zlashuvchilar uchun eng kerakli 15 guruh, har birida 5 tadan juftlik, farqning sababi, uchta drill va javobli test berilgan.
Uchta drill: 10 daqiqalik tartib
Bir kunda 1–2 guruh yetarli. Hammasini birdan qilsangiz, farqlar aralashib ketadi.
Drill 1 — eshitib tanlash (3 daqiqa). Sherigingiz guruhdagi so‘zlardan birini tasodifiy aytadi, siz "A" (chap ustun) yoki "B" (o‘ng ustun) deysiz. 10 urinishdan kamida 9 tasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, quloq tayyor. Sherik bo‘lmasa, lug‘atdagi audiolarni aralash tartibda qo‘yib, ko‘zingizni yumib tinglang.
Drill 2 — aytib tekshirish (4 daqiqa). Endi siz aytasiz, sherigingiz yoki telefondagi ovozli yozish (diktovka) funksiyasi nima eshitganini yozadi. Sheep dedingiz-u, ekranda ship chiqdimi — tovush hali farqlanmayapti.
Drill 3 — gap ichida (3 daqiqa). Juftlikdagi ikkala so‘zni bitta gapga joylang: Is this a ship or a sheep? Sekin, keyin odatiy tezlikda ayting.
Natijani oddiy jadvalda yozib boring: guruh raqami, sana, Drill 1 va Drill 2 bo‘yicha 10 tadan nechta to‘g‘ri. Ikki kun ketma-ket 9/10 bo‘lsa, keyingi guruhga o‘ting.
Undoshlar: 8 guruh
| № | Tovushlar | A — B juftliklar | Farq qayerda |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | /w/ — /v/ | west–vest, wine–vine, wet–vet, worse–verse, wheel–veal | /w/ da lablar dumaloq, tishlar tegmaydi; /v/ da yuqori tishlar pastki labga tegadi |
| 2 | /θ/ — /s/ | think–sink, thick–sick, thumb–sum, path–pass, faith–face | /θ/ da til uchi tishlar orasida; /s/ da til tish ortida |
| 3 | /θ/ — /t/ | three–tree, thin–tin, thank–tank, both–boat, thought–taught | /θ/ da havo to‘xtamay oqadi; /t/ da havo to‘silib, keyin portlaydi |
| 4 | /ð/ — /d/ | they–day, then–den, those–doze, breathe–breed, though–dough | /ð/ jarangli, til tishlar orasida va titraydi |
| 5 | /f/ — /p/ | fan–pan, fool–pool, coffee–copy, file–pile, leaf–leap | /f/ da pastki lab yuqori tishlarga tegadi; /p/ da ikki lab yopiladi |
| 6 | so‘z oxirida /ɡ/ — /k/ | bag–back, dog–dock, pig–pick, log–lock, bug–buck | /ɡ/ oldidagi unli biroz uzunroq, oxiri jarangli |
| 7 | so‘z oxirida /z, v/ — /s, f/ | eyes–ice, prize–price, rise–rice, leave–leaf, save–safe | jarangli undoshdan oldin unli uzunroq |
| 8 | /ŋ/ — /n/ | sing–sin, thing–thin, wing–win, rang–ran, sung–sun | /ŋ/ da tilning orqa qismi ko‘tariladi; oxirida /ɡ/ qo‘shilmaydi |
Nega bu guruhlar o‘zbeklar uchun qiyin:
- 1-guruh. O‘zbek tilidagi v harfi so‘zga qarab ikki lab bilan ham, lab-tish bilan ham aytiladi, lekin ma’no o‘zgarmaydi. Inglizchada bu ikki tovush ikki xil so‘z beradi. Batafsil mashq W va V talaffuzi sahifasida.
- 2–4-guruhlar. TH tovushlari o‘zbek va rus tilida yo‘q, shuning uchun eng yaqin tovush — s, t, z, d — qo‘yiladi. Til holati TH tovushi sahifasida.
- 5-guruh. O‘zbek so‘zlashuv nutqining ba’zi shevalarida f o‘rniga p aytiladi ("Fotima" o‘rniga "Potima"). Bu odat inglizchada coffee ni copy ga aylantiradi.
- 6–7-guruhlar. O‘zbek va rus tilida so‘z oxiridagi jarangli undosh jarangsizlanadi: kitob ko‘pincha "kitop" eshitiladi. Inglizchada bag va back boshqa so‘zlar. Bu odatni tuzatish mashqlari so‘z oxiridagi undoshlar sahifasida.
- 8-guruh. O‘zbekchadagi ng (tong, ming) inglizcha /ŋ/ ga yaqin, lekin o‘quvchi yozuvga qarab oxiriga /ɡ/ qo‘shadi: "sing-g". Rus tilida so‘zlashuvchilar esa /ŋ/ ni /n/ bilan almashtiradi.
Unlilar: 7 guruh
| № | Tovushlar | A — B juftliklar | Farq qayerda |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | /ɪ/ — /iː/ | ship–sheep, live–leave, fill–feel, hit–heat, bit–beat | /iː/ uzun, lablar yon tomonga cho‘ziladi; /ɪ/ qisqa, bo‘shashgan |
| 10 | /e/ — /æ/ | bed–bad, men–man, pen–pan, said–sad, send–sand | /æ/ da jag‘ pastroq tushadi, og‘iz kengroq |
| 11 | /æ/ — /ʌ/ | cat–cut, bag–bug, cap–cup, ran–run, match–much | /ʌ/ qisqa, og‘iz o‘rtacha ochiq, lablar neytral |
| 12 | /ʌ/ — /ɑː/ | cut–cart, hut–heart, much–March, bun–barn, come–calm | /ɑː/ uzun va chuqur, og‘iz keng |
| 13 | /ɜː/ — /ɔː/ | work–walk, shirt–short, bird–board, firm–form, word–ward | /ɜː/ da lablar yumaloqlanmaydi; /ɔː/ da yumaloq |
| 14 | /ɒ/ — /əʊ/ | not–note, cost–coast, got–goat, rod–road, want–won’t | /ɒ/ qisqa, bitta tovush; /əʊ/ sirpanadi: "ə" dan "u" ga |
| 15 | /ʊ/ — /uː/ | full–fool, pull–pool, look–Luke, soot–suit, hood–who’d | /uː/ uzun, lablar oldinga chiqadi |
Nega bu guruhlar qiyin: o‘zbek tilida unlining uzunligi ma’noni o‘zgartirmaydi (9, 12, 15-guruhlar). O harfini o‘quvchi doim o‘zbekcha "o" deb o‘qiydi, shuning uchun work "vork", note "not" bo‘lib qoladi (13, 14-guruhlar). /æ/ va /ʌ/ ning o‘zbekchada alohida harfi yo‘q (10, 11-guruhlar). Uzun va qisqa unlilarda og‘iz holati qisqa va uzun unlilar sahifasida bosqichma-bosqich tushuntirilgan.
Amerika talaffuzida 12 va 13-guruhlarda r ham aytiladi (cart /kɑːrt/, short /ʃɔːrt/), shuning uchun farq kattaroq eshitiladi. 14-guruhda US /ɑː/ — /oʊ/: not /nɑːt/, note /noʊt/.
Kontrast gaplar: 15 guruh uchun
Har gapda juftlikning ikkala so‘zi bor. Ikkinchisini ongli ravishda farqli ayting.
- The vet got wet in the rain.
- I think the boat will sink.
- Three birds sat in the tree.
- They arrived on the same day.
- Can you copy the coffee menu?
- Put the bag at the back.
- First prize? What’s the price?
- The thing is too thin.
- Don’t leave — live here with us.
- Two men and one man came.
- This cup has a cap.
- They cut the cart in half.
- I walk to work every day.
- I did not get your note.
- The pool is full.
Test: gapga qaysi so‘z mos keladi?
Har gapda kontekst bitta so‘zni talab qiladi. Tanlang va ikkalasini ham ovoz chiqarib ayting.
- 1. The sun sets in the ___. (west / vest)
- 2. She is very ___; she eats almost nothing. (thin / tin)
- 3. Please ___ the glass with water. (fill / feel)
- 4. The ___ is barking at the door. (dog / dock)
- 5. We paid a high ___ for the flat. (prize / price)
- 6. I ___ you for your help. (thank / tank)
- 7. Can you ___ this document for me? (coffee / copy)
- 8. My shirt is too ___; I need a bigger size. (short / shirt)
- 9. Don’t forget your ___ when you go out in the rain. (cap / cup)
- 10. He wrote a short ___ on the fridge. (not / note)
- 11. The birds are ___ on the roof. (sitting / seating)
- 12. It’s a ___ idea; it will never work. (bed / bad)
Javoblar
1 — west. 2 — thin. 3 — fill. 4 — dog. 5 — price. 6 — thank. 7 — copy. 8 — short. 9 — cap. 10 — note. 11 — sitting. 12 — bad.
Xato qilgan savolingiz qaysi guruhga tegishli ekanini toping va ertangi mashqni shu guruhdan boshlang. 8-savolda shirt ham so‘z, lekin gap ma’nosi short ni talab qiladi — aynan shunday holatda noto‘g‘ri unli tinglovchini chalg‘itadi.
Juftliklarni jonli suhbatda sinash
Juftlik ro‘yxatda to‘g‘ri chiqsa ham, suhbatda eski odat qaytishi mumkin. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan gaplashib, talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz va qaysi tovush hali aralashayotganini ko‘rasiz. Bugun sizga eng qiyin bitta guruhni tanlang, Drill 1 va Drill 2 ni o‘tkazing va natijani yozib qo‘ying.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — juftliklardagi har bir so‘zning UK va US audiosi.
- BBC Learning English: Pronunciation — tovushlar bo‘yicha video darslar.
