A va an — bitta artiklning ikki shakli, ma’nosi bir xil: “bitta, qandaydir”. Farq faqat keyingi so‘zning birinchi tovushida. Undosh tovushdan oldin a: a book, a car, a university. Unli tovushdan oldin an: an apple, an engineer, an hour.
Kalit so‘z — tovush, harf emas. University “yu” deb o‘qiladi, shuning uchun a university. Hour da h o‘qilmaydi, so‘z unli bilan boshlanadi, shuning uchun an hour. Qisqartmalarda ham harfning nomi hal qiladi: an MBA (“em-bi-ey”).
Hoziroq kasbingizni ayting: I’m a student. yoki I’m an accountant. O‘zbekchada “Men talabaman” da artikl yo‘q, inglizchada esa kasbdan oldin a/an shart.
Nega ikki shakl: talaffuz qulayligi uchun
A odatda kuchsiz /ə/ deb o‘qiladi. Unli bilan boshlanadigan so‘zdan oldin ikki unli ketma-ket kelib, orada to‘xtash paydo bo‘ladi: a apple — “ə-epl”. N tovushi ikki unlini bog‘laydi: an apple — “ə-nepl”. Shuning uchun nativ so‘zlovchilar an apple ni deyarli bitta so‘zdek aytadi.
Bu qoidani tushunish uchun unli tovushlarni eslang, harflarni emas. Ingliz tilida a, e, i, o, u harflari ba’zan undosh tovush beradi, h harfi esa ba’zan umuman o‘qilmaydi.
Harf aldaydigan so‘zlar
| Yozuvda unli harf, lekin a | Nega | Yozuvda undosh harf, lekin an | Nega |
|---|---|---|---|
| a university | /juː/ — “yu” | an hour | h o‘qilmaydi |
| a uniform | /juː/ | an honest man | h o‘qilmaydi |
| a useful app | /juː/ | an honour | h o‘qilmaydi |
| a European country | /jʊə/ — “yu” | an MBA | “em” |
| a one-way ticket | /w/ — “uan” | an SMS | “es” |
| a Ukrainian student | /juː/ | an X-ray | “eks” |
| a unit | /juː/ | an FBI agent | “ef” |
H bilan boshlanadigan so‘zlarning ko‘pchiligida h o‘qiladi, shuning uchun a: a hotel, a house, a hospital, a holiday, a hat. An talab qiladigan h li so‘zlar oz, ularni yodlab oling: hour, honest, honour, heir va ulardan yasalganlar (an hourly rate, an honourable decision). Eski britancha matnlarda an historic yoki an hotel ni uchratishingiz mumkin, lekin zamonaviy ingliz tilida a historic, a hotel ishlatiladi.
Qisqartmalar va raqamlar
Qisqartma harflab o‘qilsa, birinchi harfning nomi qaraladi. M, N, S, F, L, R, X, H harflari nomi unli bilan boshlanadi (em, en, es, ef, el, ar, eks, eych):
- an MBA, an SMS, an HR manager, an IT specialist, an NGO, an MRI scan
- lekin: a BMW, a PhD, a USB cable, a UN report — “bi”, “pi”, “yu” undosh bilan boshlanadi.
Qisqartma so‘z sifatida o‘qilsa, so‘zning tovushi qaraladi: IELTS “ayelts” deb o‘qiladi — an IELTS certificate. NATO “neytou” — a NATO meeting.
Raqamlarda ham o‘qilishi hal qiladi: an 8-year-old boy (“eyt”), an 11-hour flight (“ileven”), an 18th-century mosque, lekin a 7-day trip (“seven”), a 1-hour lesson (“uan”).
Sifat qo‘shilsa, artikl sifatga qaraydi
Artikl o‘zidan keyingi birinchi so‘zga moslashadi, otga emas. Ot oldiga sifat qo‘ysangiz, artikl o‘zgarishi mumkin:
| Ot bilan | Sifat bilan |
|---|---|
| an apple | a big apple |
| a university | an old university |
| an hour | a whole hour |
| a doctor | an excellent doctor |
| an engineer | a young engineer |
| a mistake | an easy mistake |
Bu gapirganda eng ko‘p unutiladigan qoida: o‘quvchi an engineer ni yodlab olgan, keyin an young engineer deb yuboradi.
Kasblar oldida: I’m a doctor, she’s an engineer
O‘zbek va rus tillarida kasb artiklsiz aytiladi: Men shifokorman. Я врач. Shu qolip bilan I’m doctor deyish juda keng tarqalgan xato. Ingliz tilida birlikdagi kasb oldidan a/an majburiy:
- My father is a driver. — Otam haydovchi.
- She works as an interpreter. — U tarjimon bo‘lib ishlaydi.
- I want to be an architect. — Me’mor bo‘lmoqchiman.
Ko‘plikda artikl tushadi: My parents are teachers. Kasb yagona lavozim bo‘lsa, the keladi: He’s the director of our school.
| A bilan | An bilan |
|---|---|
| a doctor — shifokor | an engineer — muhandis |
| a nurse — hamshira | an accountant — buxgalter |
| a teacher — o‘qituvchi | an architect — me’mor |
| a programmer — dasturchi | an interpreter — og‘zaki tarjimon |
| a lawyer — yurist | an economist — iqtisodchi |
| a driver — haydovchi | an electrician — elektrik |
| a university lecturer — oliygoh o‘qituvchisi | an IT specialist — IT mutaxassisi |
| a UX designer — UX dizayner | an artist — rassom |
Yana 80 ta kasb nomi misollar bilan: kasblar nomi inglizcha.
Birinchi eslatish: a, keyin the
A/an yangi, tinglovchi hali bilmaydigan narsani kiritadi. Keyingi safar o‘sha narsa haqida gapirganda the keladi:
Yesterday I took a taxi to the airport. The driver was an old man from Khorezm. He had an interesting story: the taxi was his first car, and he bought it thirty years ago.
Birinchi gapda a taxi — qandaydir taksi. Keyin the driver — o‘sha taksining haydovchisi, the taxi — o‘sha taksi. The airport esa shaharda bitta, tinglovchi qaysiligini biladi. The ning boshqa ishlatilishlari va uning kerak bo‘lmagan joylari the artikli qachon ishlatilmaydi sahifasida.
A/an yana “har bir” ma’nosida keladi: twice a day — kuniga ikki marta, 50,000 so‘m an hour — soatiga 50 ming so‘m, once a week — haftada bir marta.
A/an qo‘yilmaydigan joylar
- Ko‘plik: a books emas, books yoki some books.
- Sanalmaydigan otlar: an advice, an information, a furniture xato. To‘g‘risi: some advice, a piece of advice.
- Egalik va ko‘rsatish so‘zi bilan: a my friend emas, my friend yoki a friend of mine.
- Ovqatlar va sport: have breakfast, play football — artiklsiz.
Dialog: to‘ydagi tanishuv
Ravshan: Hi, I’m Ravshan. I’m a friend of the groom.
Emma: Nice to meet you! I’m Emma, I’m an exchange student at a university here.
Ravshan: Really? What are you studying?
Emma: Economics. I want to be an economist. And what do you do?
Ravshan: I’m an IT specialist. I work for a small company in IT Park.
Emma: Oh, my brother is a UX designer! He wants to work in Tashkent for a year.
Ravshan: Tell him to send me an email. We need a designer right now.
An exchange student — e unli tovush; a university — “yu”; an IT specialist — “ay”; a UX designer — “yu”; a year — /j/ undosh tovush.
Mashq: 15 ta savol
A. A yoki an?
- 1. ______ hour
- 2. ______ house
- 3. ______ university student
- 4. ______ umbrella
- 5. ______ honest answer
- 6. ______ European city
- 7. ______ MBA
- 8. ______ one-room flat
- 9. ______ old university
- 10. ______ 18-year-old boy
B. Xatoni tuzating.
- 11. My sister is engineer.
- 12. He gave me an useful advice.
- 13. I waited for you a hour!
- 14. She is a excellent teacher.
- 15. They are an architects.
Javoblar
1 — an; 2 — a; 3 — a; 4 — an; 5 — an; 6 — a; 7 — an; 8 — a; 9 — an; 10 — an.
11 — My sister is an engineer. 12 — He gave me some useful advice. (yoki: a useful piece of advice) 13 — I waited for you an hour! 14 — She is an excellent teacher. 15 — They are architects.
Izohlar:
- 1 va 5: hour, honest da h o‘qilmaydi — unli tovush, an.
- 2: house da h o‘qiladi — a.
- 3 va 6: university va European “yu” bilan boshlanadi — undosh tovush /j/, a.
- 7: M harfi “em” deb o‘qiladi — an.
- 8: one “uan” — /w/ undosh, a.
- 9: artikl sifatga qaraydi: old — an.
- 10: eighteen “eytin” — unli, an.
- 11: kasb oldidan artikl shart; engineer — unli, an.
- 12: advice sanalmaydi, a/an olmaydi; useful “yu” bilan boshlanadi.
- 15: ko‘plikda artikl yo‘q.
A, an, the va artiklsiz holatlarni birgalikda tekshirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, artikllar mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting. Uchala artiklning umumiy tizimi — a, an, the qoidalari sahifasida.
“An engineer” ni bir so‘zdek aytishni mashq qiling
A va an ni yozuvda to‘g‘ri tanlash oson, lekin og‘zaki nutqda an ni keyingi so‘z bilan ulab aytish kerak: “ə-nenjinir”, “ə-nauə”. Ajratib, har so‘zni alohida aytganda nutq to‘xtab-to‘xtab eshitiladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi siz bilan ish va o‘qish haqida suhbatlashadi: kasbingiz, orzuyingizdagi ish, oilangizdagilar nima bilan shug‘ullanishi. Ilova tushib qolgan artiklni va talaffuzdagi xatolarni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun oila a’zolaringizning kasbini bittadan gap bilan ayting va har gapda a yoki an borligini tekshiring.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
