Suffikslar tion, ness, ful: so‘z oilalari jadvali va mashq

Suffiks so‘z oxiriga qo‘shiladi va ko‘pincha so‘z turkumini o‘zgartiradi: fe’ldan ot, otdan sifat, sifatdan fe’l yasaydi. Decide (qaror qilmoq) → decision (qaror). Care (g‘amxo‘rlik) → careful (ehtiyotkor) → careless (e’tiborsiz). Modern (zamonaviy) → modernize (zamonaviylashtirmoq).

Qoidasi oddiy: gapda qaysi turkum kerakligini aniqlang, keyin to‘g‘ri suffiksni tanlang. O‘zbek tili ham shunday ishlaydi: bilim → bilimli → bilimsiz, o‘qi → o‘qituvchi. Farqi faqat qo‘shimchalarning o‘zida.

Qaysi suffiks qaysi turkumni yasaydi

Ot yasovchi suffikslar: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity

• educate → education — ta’lim: A good education opens many doors.
• invite → invitation — taklifnoma: We got an invitation to their wedding.
• decide → decision — qaror: It was a difficult decision.
• pollute → pollution — ifloslanish: Air pollution is worse in winter.
• develop → development — rivojlanish: The development of IT Park changed the area.
• agree → agreement — kelishuv: We reached an agreement.
• pay → payment — to‘lov: The payment didn’t go through.
• happy → happiness — baxt: Money doesn’t guarantee happiness.
• lonely → loneliness — yolg‘izlik: Loneliness is common among students abroad.
• aware → awareness — xabardorlik: We need more awareness of the problem.
• able → ability — qobiliyat: She has the ability to explain things clearly.
• secure → security — xavfsizlik: Airport security took an hour.
• responsible → responsibility — mas’uliyat: It’s your responsibility.

-tion va -ment fe’lga, -ness va -ity sifatga qo‘shiladi. -ness deyarli har qanday sifatga qo‘shila oladi (tiredness, friendliness), -ity esa ko‘pincha lotin tilidan kelgan so‘zlarga (possible, active, equal).

Sifat yasovchi suffikslar: -ful, -less, -able, -ous

• use → useful / useless — foydali / foydasiz: This app is really useful.
• care → careful / careless — ehtiyotkor / e’tiborsiz: A careless mistake cost him the grant.
• hope → hopeful / hopeless — umidli / umidsiz: I’m hopeful about the results.
• help → helpful / helpless — yordam beradigan / ojiz: The staff were very helpful.
• price → priceless — bebaho: Grandma’s photos are priceless.
• afford → affordable — hamyonbop: Housing isn’t affordable for young families.
• rely → reliable — ishonchli: We need a reliable internet connection.
• comfort → comfortable — qulay: The new trains are very comfortable.
• danger → dangerous — xavfli: Crossing here is dangerous.
• fame → famous — mashhur: Samarkand is famous for its blue domes.
• nerve → nervous — hayajonli, asabiy: I was nervous before the interview.

-ful va -less juftligi har doim ham ishlamaydi. Priceless — “narxsiz” emas, bebaho. Careless ning jufti careful, lekin carefree — tashvishsiz degan boshqa so‘z. Homeless bor, homeful yo‘q. Sifatlarning -ed/-ing bilan yasalishi (bored/boring) alohida mavzu: bored va boring farqi.

Fe’l yasovchi suffikslar: -ize, -en

• modern → modernize — zamonaviylashtirmoq: The city modernized the bus fleet.
• real → realize — anglamoq: I realized I had left my passport.
• summary → summarize — qisqacha bayon qilmoq: Summarize the article in three sentences.
• priority → prioritize — birinchi o‘ringa qo‘ymoq: Prioritize your tasks.
• wide → widen — kengaytirmoq: They’re widening the road to the airport.
• short → shorten — qisqartirmoq: Can you shorten this paragraph?
• strength → strengthen — mustahkamlamoq: Exercise strengthens your back.

Britaniya ingliz tilida -ise (realise, organise), Amerikada -ize (realize, organize) yoziladi. IELTS ikkalasini ham qabul qiladi, faqat bitta matnda bitta variantda qoling.

Imlo qoidalari: harf tushib qoladimi?

Urg‘u ko‘chadi: talaffuzga e’tibor

Ba’zi suffikslar urg‘uni boshqa bo‘g‘inga suradi. Yozuvda sezilmaydi, lekin nutqda eshitiladi.

• -tion oldidagi bo‘g‘in urg‘u oladi: EDucate → eduCAtion, COMmunicate → communiCAtion.
• -ity oldidagi bo‘g‘in urg‘u oladi: PUBlic → pubLIcity, POSsible → possiBIlity.
• -ness, -ment, -ful, -less urg‘uni o‘zgartirmaydi: HAPpy → HAPpiness, emPLOY → emPLOYment.

So‘z oilalari: 12 ta so‘z to‘rt shaklda

Success – succeed – successful uchligi alohida e’tibor talab qiladi: He succeeded in the exam (successed emas), a successful business, her success. Ravish yasovchi -ly haqida batafsil: ravish yasash.

So‘z turkumini o‘zgartirib parafraz qilish

IELTS Writing va Speaking da savol so‘zlarini aynan takrorlamaslik foydali. Eng oson usul — so‘z turkumini almashtirish:

• The number of tourists increased sharply. → There was a sharp increase in the number of tourists.
• People are worried about pollution. → Pollution is a major worry for people.
• Cities should develop public transport. → The development of public transport should be a priority.

Bu parafraz, so‘z boyligini ko‘rsatishning boshqa usullari bilan birga, IELTS Writing lexical resource sahifasida ko‘rib chiqilgan. So‘zlarning tabiiy juftliklari (make a decision, reach an agreement) esa collocations sahifasida.

Namuna paragraf

Quyidagi qisqa matnda qalin so‘zlar suffiks bilan yasalgan:

Over the last ten years, Tashkent has seen rapid development. New metro lines have made travel more comfortable and affordable, and many old buildings have been modernised. However, this transformation has its weaknesses. Air pollution is still a serious problem, and in some districts parking is almost impossible. The city’s main responsibility now is to make growth sustainable.

Mashq: to‘g‘ri shaklni yozing

Qavsdagi so‘zni gapga mos shaklga keltiring.

• 1. The government made an important ______ (decide) yesterday.
• 2. Thank you, you’ve been very ______ (help).
• 3. Don’t be so ______ (care)! You’ve broken another cup.
• 4. There’s been a big ______ (improve) in your pronunciation.
• 5. Kindness and ______ (honest) are the qualities I value most.
• 6. Chimgan is ______ (fame) for its ski slopes.
• 7. Is it ______ (possible) to change my ticket?
• 8. They want to ______ (wide) the pavement on our street.
• 9. Smoking in public places is a ______ (danger) habit.
• 10. The ______ (pollute) in the river has killed the fish.
• 11. We need a more ______ (rely) supplier.
• 12. She finished the project ______ (success).
• 13. ______ (lonely) can affect students who study abroad.
• 14. Many young people cannot find ______ (employ) in their home town.
• 15. The new park is ______ (enjoy) for both children and adults.

Javoblar

• 1. decision — artikldan keyin ot kerak.
• 2. helpful — very dan keyin sifat.
• 3. careless — ma’no bo‘yicha inkor: e’tiborsiz.
• 4. improvement — a big dan keyin ot.
• 5. honesty — ot, kindness bilan parallel. Honest ga -y qo‘shiladi, -ness emas.
• 6. famous — fame dagi -e tushadi.
• 7. possible (yoki impossible, ma’noga qarab) — sifat.
• 8. widen — to dan keyin fe’l.
• 9. dangerous — ot oldida sifat.
• 10. pollution — ega bo‘lib kelgan ot.
• 11. reliable — y → i, keyin -able.
• 12. successfully — fe’lni tasvirlaydi, ravish.
• 13. Loneliness — y → i, keyin -ness.
• 14. employment — sanalmaydigan ot.
• 15. enjoyable — unli + y, y o‘zgarmaydi.

So‘z oilasini nutqda ishga solish

Jadvaldagi so‘zlar gapda ishlatilmasa, tez unutiladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan shahringizdagi o‘zgarishlar, ish va o‘qish haqida gaplashganda development, affordable, responsibility kabi so‘zlarni o‘z javobingizga qo‘shib ko‘ring. Ilova talaffuz va so‘z tanlash bo‘yicha mashq uchun fikr bildiradi, rasmiy IELTS bahosi emas. Keyingi qadam sifatida so‘z boshiga qo‘shiladigan qo‘shimchalarni ko‘ring: prefikslar un-, dis-, re-.

Manbalar

• Cambridge Dictionary
• IELTS.org: Writing band descriptors (PDF)

BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling