Savol so‘zi (who, what, which) gapning egasi haqida so‘rasa, do/does/did qo‘yilmaydi va so‘zlar tartibi darak gapdagidek qoladi: Who called you? — Sizga kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi? Savol so‘zi to‘ldiruvchi haqida so‘rasa, yordamchi fe’l kerak: Who did you call? — Siz kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingiz? Birinchisi subject question, ikkinchisi object question deb ataladi.
Eng tez tekshiruv — savolni o‘zbekchaga o‘girish. O‘zbekchada kim? yoki nima? chiqsa, do kerak emas. Kimni? kimga? nimani? kim bilan? chiqsa, do/does/did qaytib keladi. Savol tuzishning umumiy qoidalari ingliz tilida savol tuzish sahifasida; bu yerda faqat shu bitta farqni chuqurroq ko‘ramiz.
Bitta gap, ikki xil savol
Darak gapni olaylik: Aziz called Malika. — Aziz Malikaga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. Gapda ikki ishtirokchi bor: qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam (ega) va qo‘ng‘iroqni qabul qilgan odam (to‘ldiruvchi). Qaysi biri noma’lum bo‘lsa, savol shunga qarab tuziladi.
| Noma’lum qism | Savol | O‘zbekcha | Javob |
|---|---|---|---|
| ega | Who called Malika? | Malikaga kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi? | Aziz. / Aziz did. |
| to‘ldiruvchi | Who did Aziz call? | Aziz kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi? | Malika. |
Birinchi savolda who shunchaki Aziz ning o‘rniga tushdi, qolgan hamma narsa joyida turibdi: Aziz called Malika → Who called Malika? Fe’l o‘tgan zamon shaklida (called) qoladi. Ikkinchi savolda noma’lum qism gap oxirida edi. Uni boshga olib chiqqanimizda oddiy savol qolipi ishga tushadi: savol so‘zi + did + ega + V1.
What bilan ham xuddi shunday:
- Something broke the window. → What broke the window? — Derazani nima sindirdi? (ega)
- The ball broke something. → What did the ball break? — To‘p nimani sindirdi? (to‘ldiruvchi)
Kim yoki kimni: o‘zbekcha kelishik bilan tekshirish
Inglizchada who bitta shaklda turadi, o‘zbekchada esa kelishik qo‘shimchasi farqni darhol ko‘rsatadi. Bu mavzuda ona tilingiz sizga yordam beradi.
| O‘zbekcha savol | Vazifasi | Inglizcha qolip | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kim? | ega | Who + fe’l? | Who lives next door? — Qo‘shnida kim yashaydi? |
| Nima? | ega | What + fe’l? | What happened at the wedding? — To‘yda nima bo‘ldi? |
| Kimni? | to‘ldiruvchi | Who + do/does/did + ega + V1? | Who did you invite? — Kimni taklif qildingiz? |
| Kimga? | to‘ldiruvchi | Who + do/does/did + ega + V1? | Who do you text most often? — Kimga eng ko‘p yozasiz? |
| Nimani? | to‘ldiruvchi | What + do/does/did + ega + V1? | What did she buy? — U nimani sotib oldi? |
| Kim bilan? Kim uchun? | predlogli to‘ldiruvchi | Who + did + ega + V1 + predlog? | Who did you go with? — Kim bilan bordingiz? |
Oxirgi qatorga e’tibor bering: inglizchada predlog odatda gap oxiriga tushadi. Who did you go with? Who is this gift for? (Bu sovg‘a kim uchun?) What are you looking at? (Nimaga qarayapsiz?) With whom did you go? ham grammatik jihatdan to‘g‘ri, lekin juda rasmiy eshitiladi va og‘zaki nutqda kam uchraydi. Who va whom orasidagi farq who, whom va whose sahifasida alohida tushuntirilgan.
Subject question hamma zamonda ishlaydi
Qoida faqat o‘tgan zamonga tegishli emas. Qaysi zamon bo‘lmasin, egani so‘raganda who/what eganing joyini egallaydi va fe’l shakli o‘zgarmaydi.
| Zamon | Ega haqida | To‘ldiruvchi haqida |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Who teaches you maths? | Who do you sit next to? |
| Past Simple | Who made this plov? | What did you put in it? |
| Present Continuous | Who is making that noise? | Who are you waiting for? |
| Present Perfect | Who has taken my charger? | What have you done with it? |
| Future Simple | Who will drive us to the airport? | Who will you ask? |
| Modal fe’l | Who can help me with this box? | What can I do for you? |
Chap ustunda ham yordamchi fe’l bor (is making, has taken), lekin u gapning o‘z yordamchisi va joyidan qo‘zg‘almaydi: Someone is making that noise → Who is making that noise? O‘ng ustunda esa yordamchi fe’l egadan oldinga chiqadi. Continuous shakllarning o‘zi present continuous qoidasi sahifasida batafsil yozilgan.
Who birlik kabi ishlaydi: Who wants tea?
Present Simple zamonida ega haqidagi savolning fe’li -s oladi, hatto javob ko‘plik bo‘lsa ham. Savol beruvchi javobni bilmaydi, shuning uchun who grammatik jihatdan he/she kabi ishlaydi:
- Who wants more tea? — Yana kim choy ichadi? (javob: We all do!)
- Who knows the answer? — Javobni kim biladi?
- What makes you happy? — Sizni nima xursand qiladi?
Who want tea? deyish xato. Faqat be bilan, ko‘plikdagi ot oldidan are keladi: Who are those people? Bu gapda aslida those people ega, who esa ot-kesim.
Javobda yordamchi fe’l: My sister did, I do, Dilnoza is
Ega haqidagi savolga odatda ism yoki olmosh bilan javob beriladi, xohlasangiz yordamchi fe’l qo‘shasiz. Qizig‘i shundaki, savolda bo‘lmagan did javobda paydo bo‘ladi:
A: Who called you last night?
B: My sister did.
A: Who wants the last somsa?
B: I do!
A: Who’s coming to the party on Friday?
B: Dilnoza is. And maybe Jasur.
A: Who can fix a dripping tap?
B: My neighbour can.
Javobdagi did, do, is, can savoldagi fe’lning zamonini takrorlaydi. Og‘zaki nutqda — Who wants tea? — Me! ham juda keng tarqalgan; rasmiy vaziyatda I do afzal.
What, which, whose, how many ham ega bo‘la oladi
Savol so‘zi otga qo‘shilib kelganda butun birikma ega bo‘lishi mumkin. Tekshiruv usuli o‘sha: o‘zbekchada bosh kelishik chiqsa, do kerak emas.
| Ega haqida | To‘ldiruvchi haqida |
|---|---|
| Which bus goes to Chorsu? — Chorsuga qaysi avtobus boradi? | Which bus do you take to work? — Ishga qaysi avtobusda borasiz? |
| Whose phone is ringing? — Kimning telefoni jiringlayapti? | Whose phone did you borrow? — Kimning telefonini olib turdingiz? |
| How many students passed the exam? — Imtihondan nechta talaba o‘tdi? | How many students did they accept? — Nechta talabani qabul qilishdi? |
| What happened to your car? — Mashinangizga nima bo‘ldi? | What did the mechanic say? — Usta nima dedi? |
What happened? — eng ko‘p eshitiladigan subject question. What did happen? deb aytilmaydi, chunki “nima bo‘ldi?” dagi “nima” gapning egasi.
Mahalladagi voqea: savollar dialogda
Sardor do‘kondan chiqsa, velosipedi joyida yo‘q. Qo‘shnisi Nodira opa hammasini ko‘rgan ekan. Dialogni o‘qib, qaysi savol egani, qaysi biri to‘ldiruvchini so‘rayotganini belgilang.
Sardor: Nodira opa, my bike isn’t here! What happened?
Nodira: Someone cut the chain about ten minutes ago.
Sardor: Who saw him?
Nodira: I did. And the boy from the bakery saw him too.
Sardor: What did he look like?
Nodira: Young, tall, in a black hoodie. He rode towards the metro.
Sardor: Who should I call first?
Nodira: The police. Then talk to the shop owner. His camera films the street.
Sardor: Which camera films the street? The one above the door?
Nodira: Yes, that one.
What happened? Who saw him? Which camera films the street? — egani so‘rayapti, shuning uchun do/did yo‘q. What did he look like? Who should I call? — to‘ldiruvchini so‘rayapti (u qanday ko‘rinishda edi, men kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qilay), shuning uchun did yoki should egadan oldin turibdi.
Who did call you? va unga o‘xshash xatolar
O‘zbek tilida savol so‘zi gapdagi so‘zning o‘rnini egallaydi va tartib o‘zgarmaydi: Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi? Kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingiz? Rus tilida ham shunday: Кто тебе звонил? Кому ты звонил? Shuning uchun ikki xil xato paydo bo‘ladi: yo did umuman unutiladi (Who you called?), yoki “o‘tgan zamon savoli = did” degan qoidani yodlab, uni hamma joyga qo‘yiladi (Who did call you?).
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Sababi |
|---|---|---|
| Who did call you? | Who called you? | who — ega, did ortiqcha |
| What did happen? | What happened? | “nima bo‘ldi?” — what ega |
| Who does live here? | Who lives here? | ega haqidagi savolda does yo‘q |
| Who want tea? | Who wants tea? | who birlik kabi, fe’l -s oladi |
| Which bus does go to Chorsu? | Which bus goes to Chorsu? | which bus — ega |
| Who you called? | Who did you call? | “kimga?” — to‘ldiruvchi, did kerak |
| Who did you go? | Who did you go with? | predlog tushib qolgan |
| Whom you are waiting? | Who are you waiting for? | tartib va predlog |
Bitta nozik holat: bahs paytida did ga urg‘u berib Well, who did call you, then? (Xo‘sh, unda kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi?) deyish mumkin. Bu ta’kid uchun ishlatiladigan kam uchraydigan shakl; odatiy savolda uni qo‘ymang.
Mashq: 14 ta savol
A. Qalin yozilgan qism haqida savol tuzing.
- 1. Malika baked the cake.
- 2. Malika baked the cake.
- 3. My uncle lives in Namangan.
- 4. We visited our grandparents on Sunday.
- 5. The noise woke the baby.
- 6. Jasur is waiting for Dilshod.
B. To‘g‘ri variantni tanlang.
- 7. Who (knows / does know) Aziz’s new number?
- 8. What (did you eat / you ate) at the café?
- 9. Which team (won / did win) the match yesterday?
- 10. How many people (came / did come) to the meeting?
C. Xatoni tuzating.
- 11. Who did tell you about this job?
- 12. What did happen to your phone?
- 13. Who you are talking to?
- 14. Who want to go to Samarkand this weekend?
Javoblar
- 1. Who baked the cake? — Malika ega (“kim pishirdi?”), did kerak emas, baked o‘zgarmaydi.
- 2. What did Malika bake? — “nimani pishirdi?”, to‘ldiruvchi: did + V1.
- 3. Who lives in Namangan? — ega; Present Simple dagi -s saqlanadi.
- 4. Who did you visit on Sunday? — “kimni ko‘rgani bordingiz?”, ega you.
- 5. What woke the baby? — “chaqaloqni nima uyg‘otdi?”, ega.
- 6. Who is Jasur waiting for? — to‘ldiruvchi; is egadan oldinga chiqadi, for oxirida qoladi.
- 7. knows — “kim biladi?”, ega; who bilan fe’l -s oladi.
- 8. did you eat — “nima yedingiz?”, nimani ma’nosida, to‘ldiruvchi.
- 9. won — “qaysi jamoa yutdi?”, which team ega.
- 10. came — “nechta odam keldi?”, how many people ega.
- 11. Who told you about this job? — who ega.
- 12. What happened to your phone? — happen bilan did ishlatilmaydi.
- 13. Who are you talking to? — to‘ldiruvchi: are egadan oldin.
- 14. Who wants to go to Samarkand this weekend? — who bilan wants.
12 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, farqni tushungansiz. Aralash savollar ustida ishlash uchun so‘roq gap tuzish mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting.
Kim va kimni savollarini ovoz chiqarib mashq qilish
Yozma mashqda farqni ko‘rish oson, suhbatda esa tez tanlash kerak. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbat qilasiz: u sizdan oilangiz, ishingiz va kuningiz haqida so‘raydi, siz javob berasiz va savolni unga qaytarasiz. Darslarda qoidalar o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugungi vazifa: kechagi kuningizdan bitta voqeani oling va u haqida uchta kim? (Who cooked dinner?) va uchta kimni/nimani? (What did you cook?) savolini ovoz chiqarib ayting.
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