Who — “kim” (harakatni kim qiladi yoki kimga qaratilgan, og‘zaki nutqda ikkalasi ham). Whom — “kimni, kimga”, faqat to‘ldiruvchi o‘rnida va asosan rasmiy yozuvda. Whose — “kimning”, egalikni so‘raydi. Who’s — bu alohida so‘z emas, who is yoki who has ning qisqartmasi.
Kundalik nutq uchun qoida oddiy: who va whose yetarli. Whom ni rasmiy xat, ariza va to whom, with whom kabi predlogli iboralar uchun bilib qo‘ying. Eng ko‘p xato esa whom da emas, who bilan so‘roq gap tuzishda: Who called you? va Who did you call? ning farqida.
Kim, kimni, kimning: o‘zbekcha bilan jadval
| O‘zbekcha | Vazifasi | Kundalik | Rasmiy |
|---|---|---|---|
| kim keldi? | ega | Who came? | Who came? |
| kimni ko‘rdingiz? | to‘ldiruvchi | Who did you see? | Whom did you see? |
| kimga yozdingiz? | predlogli to‘ldiruvchi | Who did you write to? | To whom did you write? |
| kim bilan gaplashdingiz? | predlogli to‘ldiruvchi | Who did you talk to? | With whom did you speak? |
| kimning sumkasi? | egalik | Whose bag is it? | Whose bag is it? |
Jadvalning mantig‘i kishilik olmoshlari bilan bir xil: he — him juftligi kabi, who — whom. Ega bo‘lsa who, to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa rasmiy uslubda whom. Whose esa his, her kabi egalik so‘zi.
Who so‘rog‘ining ikki turi
O‘zbekchada “Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi?” va “Kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qilding?” — qo‘shimcha bilan ajraladi. Ingliz tilida qo‘shimcha yo‘q, farq did/does yordamchi fe’lida.
1. Who — ega (kim?). Javob gapning egasi bo‘ladi. Yordamchi fe’l kerak emas, so‘z tartibi darak gapdagidek:
- Who called you? — Aziz called me. (Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi?)
- Who lives in this flat? — My aunt lives here.
- Who wants tea? — I do!
2. Who — to‘ldiruvchi (kimni? kimga?). Javob to‘ldiruvchi bo‘ladi. Did/do/does qo‘shiladi:
- Who did you call? — I called Aziz. (Kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingiz?)
- Who do you live with? — I live with my parents.
- Who does she look like? — She looks like her mother.
Ikki gap bir xil so‘zlardan tuzilgan bo‘lsa ham, ma’no butunlay boshqa:
| Gap | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| Who loves Malika? | Malikani kim sevadi? |
| Who does Malika love? | Malika kimni sevadi? |
| Who helped your brother? | Ukangizga kim yordam berdi? |
| Who did your brother help? | Ukangiz kimga yordam berdi? |
Ega so‘rog‘iga did qo‘shib yuborish ko‘p uchraydigan xato: Who did call you? emas, Who called you? So‘roq gaplar tuzilishi haqida umumiy qoida: maxsus so‘roq gaplar.
Whom: qachon kerak va qachon eskicha
Zamonaviy og‘zaki ingliz tilida whom kam eshitiladi. Whom did you meet? grammatik jihatdan to‘g‘ri, lekin do‘stingizga aytsangiz kitobdan o‘qiyotgandek eshitiladi. Shunga qaramay uchta joyda uni bilish kerak:
Predlogdan keyin darhol. Predlog so‘roq boshiga chiqsa, faqat whom ishlatiladi: To whom should I send the documents? With whom did you discuss this? Bu yerda to who yoki with who noto‘g‘ri. Og‘zaki variantda predlog oxirga ketadi va who qoladi: Who should I send the documents to?
Rasmiy xat va ariza. Qaysi bo‘limga yoki kimga yozayotganingizni bilmasangiz, xat mana shunday boshlanadi:
To whom it may concern,
I am writing to confirm that Ms Dilnoza Karimova worked in our company as an accountant from 2021 to 2025.
Yours faithfully,
Bekzod Aliyev
Miqdor so‘zlaridan keyin: some of whom, many of whom, all of whom. I have three brothers, all of whom live in Tashkent. — Uchta akam bor, hammasi Toshkentda yashaydi.
Qaysi birini tanlashni tekshirish usuli: javobni he yoki him bilan ayting. He bo‘lsa — who, him bo‘lsa — rasmiy uslubda whom. Who/whom called? — He called → who. Who/whom did you invite? — I invited him → whom (yoki kundalik who).
Whose va who’s: bir xil ovoz, har xil ma’no
| So‘z | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| whose | kimning | Whose phone is ringing? — Kimning telefoni jiringlayapti? |
| who’s | who is | Who’s your English teacher? — Ingliz tili o‘qituvchingiz kim? |
| who’s | who has | Who’s got a pen? — Kimda ruchka bor? |
Ikkalasi bir xil talaffuz qilinadi, shuning uchun farq faqat yozuvda ko‘rinadi. Yozganda who is bilan almashtirib ko‘ring: ma’no saqlansa — who’s, bo‘lmasa — whose. Bu its / it’s bilan bir xil usul, u haqida egalik olmoshlari sahifasida yozilgan.
Whose ot bilan ham, otsiz ham keladi: Whose car is this? = Whose is this car? Javob otsiz egalik shakli bilan: It’s mine. / It’s my uncle’s.
Nisbiy gapda: the man who, the girl whose
Who, whom, whose so‘roqdan tashqari ikki gapni bog‘laydi va o‘zbekchadagi “-gan” sifatdoshiga mos keladi:
- The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Qo‘shni uyda yashaydigan ayol hamshira.
- The man (who/whom) we met yesterday is my new boss. — Kecha uchrashgan odamimiz yangi boshlig‘im. Kundalik nutqda bu yerda olmosh ko‘pincha tushirib qoldiriladi.
- The student whose phone was stolen went to the police. — Telefoni o‘g‘irlangan talaba politsiyaga bordi.
Eng tipik o‘zbekcha xato — egalikni ikki marta berish: the student who his phone was stolen. Whose ning o‘zi “uning” ma’nosini oladi. Nisbiy gaplarning to‘liq qoidasi — vergul, which va that bilan — relative clauses sahifasida.
Dialog: klinika qabulxonasida
Receptionist: Good morning. Who’s your appointment with?
Patient: With Dr Rakhimova, at ten.
Receptionist: And whose name is the appointment under? Yours?
Patient: No, my son’s. He’s the one who’s sick. His name is Amir Tursunov.
Receptionist: Thank you. Who referred you to us?
Patient: Our family doctor, Dr Saidov. He’s the doctor who treated Amir last year.
Receptionist: Fine. Please take a seat. The nurse will call you.
Dialogda Who’s your appointment with? — og‘zaki shakl (rasmiy: With whom is your appointment?). Whose name — egalik, who’s sick — who is. Who referred you? — ega so‘rog‘i, did yo‘q.
Mashq: 14 ta savol
A. Who, whom yoki whose? (Rasmiy uslubda, predlogdan keyin whom.)
- 1. ______ keys are these?
- 2. ______ is that man in the photo?
- 3. To ______ should I address this letter?
- 4. The girl ______ brother is in my class lives in Sergeli.
- 5. I have two sisters, both of ______ are doctors.
B. Whose yoki who’s?
- 6. ______ ready to start?
- 7. ______ idea was this?
- 8. ______ been to Khiva?
C. So‘roq tuzing. Qavsdagi so‘z javob bo‘lsin.
- 9. (Timur broke the window.) → Who ______?
- 10. (Timur broke the window.) → What ______?
- 11. (Nigora called her mother.) → Who ______?
- 12. (Nigora called her mother.) → Who ______?
D. Xatoni tuzating.
- 13. Who did tell you about this job?
- 14. This is the teacher who her students all passed the exam.
Javoblar
1 — Whose; 2 — Who; 3 — whom; 4 — whose; 5 — whom; 6 — Who’s; 7 — Whose; 8 — Who’s.
9 — Who broke the window? 10 — What did Timur break? 11 — Who did Nigora call? 12 — Who called her mother?
13 — Who told you about this job? 14 — This is the teacher whose students all passed the exam.
Izohlar:
- 1-gap: “kimning kalitlari” — egalik, whose.
- 3-gap: predlog to so‘roq boshida — faqat whom.
- 4-gap: “akasi mening sinfimda bo‘lgan qiz” — egalik, whose.
- 5-gap: both of dan keyin whom; both of who bo‘lmaydi.
- 6-gap: Who is ready — who’s.
- 8-gap: Who has been to Khiva — who’s bu yerda who has.
- 9 va 12-gaplar: javob ega, shuning uchun did yo‘q, fe’l o‘tgan zamon shaklida.
- 11-gap: javob to‘ldiruvchi — did qo‘shiladi, fe’l birinchi shaklga qaytadi: call.
- 13-gap: ega so‘rog‘i — did ortiqcha.
- 14-gap: whose ning o‘zi “uning” ma’nosini beradi, her ortiqcha.
Who, whose bilan birga boshqa olmoshlarni ham aralash tekshirish uchun: olmoshlar mashqlari.
Kim so‘rog‘ini suhbatda sinab ko‘ring
Who called you? va Who did you call? ni qog‘ozda ajratish mumkin, lekin jonli suhbatda so‘roqni tez tuzish kerak. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan oila, do‘stlar, hamkasblar haqida gaplashing va o‘zingiz ham unga savol bering: ilova did ortiqcha yoki tushib qolgan so‘roqlarni belgilaydi va to‘g‘ri variantni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun oilangizdagi uch kishi haqida beshta who savoli tuzing: ikkitasi ega, uchtasi to‘ldiruvchi so‘rog‘i bo‘lsin.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
