Ingliz tilida kishilik olmoshlari ikki qatordan iborat. Gap boshida, fe’ldan oldin ega shakli turadi: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Fe’ldan keyin yoki predlogdan keyin to‘ldiruvchi shakli keladi: me, you, him, her, it, us, them. Shuning uchun I love him, lekin He loves me.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchisi uchun ikki joy qiyin. Birinchisi — bitta “u” inglizchada uchga bo‘linadi: erkak uchun he, ayol uchun she, narsa va hayvon uchun it. Ikkinchisi — “meni”, “menga”, “men bilan” kabi har xil qo‘shimchali shakllar ingliz tilida bitta so‘z: me.
Hoziroq sinab ko‘ring: yoningizdagi bir odam haqida ikki gap ayting. This is my brother. He is a student. I help him with English. Ikkinchi gapda he, uchinchisida him — ikkala shaklni ishlatdingiz.
Ega va to‘ldiruvchi: 14 so‘z bitta jadvalda
| O‘zbekcha | Ega shakli | To‘ldiruvchi shakli | Juft misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| men | I | me | I know him. — He knows me. |
| sen / siz | you | you | You called her. — She called you. |
| u (erkak) | he | him | He helps us. — We help him. |
| u (ayol) | she | her | She likes them. — They like her. |
| u (narsa, hayvon) | it | it | It is new. — I bought it. |
| biz | we | us | We invited them. — They invited us. |
| sizlar | you | you | You are late. — I’ll wait for you. |
| ular | they | them | They know me. — I know them. |
You va it ikkala ustunda bir xil, qolgan beshtasi o‘zgaradi. Diqqat qiling: ingliz tilida “sen” va “siz” farqi yo‘q. Direktorga ham, ukangizga ham you deysiz; hurmat ohang va please, could you kabi so‘zlar bilan bildiriladi.
“Meni”, “menga”, “men bilan” — hammasi me
O‘zbek tilida olmosh kelishik qo‘shimchasini oladi: meni, menga, mendan, men bilan. Ingliz tilida qo‘shimcha yo‘q, bu vazifani so‘z tartibi va predlog bajaradi. Olmosh esa har doim to‘ldiruvchi shaklda qoladi.
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha |
|---|---|
| U meni ko‘rdi. | He saw me. |
| Menga suv bering. | Give me some water. |
| Men bilan yuring. | Come with me. |
| Mendan so‘rang. | Ask me. |
| Bu gul u uchun (ayol). | These flowers are for her. |
| Ulardan xat keldi. | We got a letter from them. |
| Bizsiz boshlamang. | Don’t start without us. |
Oddiy qoida: o‘zbekcha olmoshda -ni, -ga, -dan, bilan, uchun, -siz bo‘lsa, inglizchada me, him, her, us, them keladi. Qo‘shimchasiz “men, u, biz, ular” esa gap egasi bo‘lsa, I, he, she, we, they bo‘ladi.
“U” kim: he, she yoki it
O‘zbekcha gapda jins ko‘rinmaydi: U shifokor — erkakmi, ayolmi, bilmaysiz. Ingliz tilida esa har safar tanlash kerak. Gapirayotganda shoshilib hammaga he deyish o‘zbek va rus tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatosi.
- Noto‘g‘ri: My sister is a doctor. He works in a hospital in Chilanzar.
- To‘g‘ri: My sister is a doctor. She works in a hospital in Chilanzar.
Bu xato ma’noni buzadi: tinglovchi “opam” haqida emas, boshqa erkak haqida gap ketyapti deb o‘ylaydi. Gapirishdan oldin ichingizda bir soniya to‘xtab, “bu odam kim?” deb o‘ylang. Ismni eshitsangiz ham tekshiring: Nigora — she, Rustam — he.
Chaqaloq haqida gapirganda ingliz tilida ham he yoki she ishlatiladi: What a lovely baby! How old is she? Jinsi noma’lum bo‘lsa, ba’zan it deyishadi, lekin ota-onaga bu sovuq eshitiladi, yaxshisi so‘rab oling: Is it a boy or a girl? O‘z uy hayvonini egalari ham ko‘pincha he/she deydi: Our cat is ten. She sleeps all day.
It: sovuq, soat, masofa va “bu menman”
It narsa va hayvonlardan tashqari yana bir muhim ishni bajaradi: egasi yo‘q o‘zbekcha gapga ega bo‘lib keladi. O‘zbekcha Sovuq yoki Soat besh degan gapda ega kerak emas. Ingliz tilida esa har bir gapda ega bo‘lishi shart, shuning uchun it qo‘yiladi.
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha | Nimaga ishlatiladi |
|---|---|---|
| Bugun issiq. | It’s hot today. | ob-havo |
| Soat besh bo‘ldi. | It’s five o’clock. | vaqt |
| Chorsugacha 3 kilometr. | It’s three kilometres to Chorsu. | masofa |
| Bugun dushanba. | It’s Monday. | kun, sana |
| Ingliz tilini o‘rganish qiziq. | It’s interesting to learn English. | fikr, baho |
| Kim u? — Menman, Aziz. | Who is it? — It’s me, Aziz. | eshik, telefon |
Is cold today emas, It’s cold today. Is raining emas, It’s raining. Oxirgi misolda o‘zbekcha “yomg‘ir yog‘yapti” dagi ega (yomg‘ir) inglizchada fe’lga aylanadi, egaga esa it keladi.
Eshikni taqillatgan odam o‘zini It’s me deb tanishtiradi, I am yoki Me is emas. Telefonda esa boshqacha: Hi, this is Aziz. Bu haqda this, that, these, those sahifasida.
They va you: “kimdir” va “umuman odamlar”
They ko‘plik uchun: My parents live in Namangan. They visit us every month. Lekin zamonaviy ingliz tilida they bitta odam uchun ham ishlatiladi, agar u kimligini bilmasangiz yoki muhim bo‘lmasa:
- Somebody called you. They didn’t leave a name. — Kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qildi, ismini qoldirmadi.
- If a student is late, they must wait outside. — Talaba kechiksa, tashqarida kutadi.
You esa “siz” dan tashqari “har qanday odam” ma’nosida ham keladi: You can’t smoke in the metro — Metroda chekib bo‘lmaydi. O‘zbekcha “-sa bo‘lmaydi” gapini ko‘pincha shunday you bilan tarjima qilish tabiiyroq.
Qayerda I, qayerda me: “bitta odamni olib tashlang” usuli
Eng ko‘p ikkilanish ikki kishi birga kelganda bo‘ladi: My friend and I yoki my friend and me? Tekshirish oson: ikkinchi odamni gapdan olib tashlang.
- My friend and ___ went to Samarkand. → ___ went → I went. Demak: My friend and I went to Samarkand.
- The teacher invited my friend and ___. → invited ___ → invited me. Demak: The teacher invited my friend and me.
Yana bir odob qoidasi: inglizchada o‘zingizni oxirga qo‘yasiz. O‘zbekcha “Men va akam” tartibida I and my brother deyish qo‘pol eshitiladi; to‘g‘risi: My brother and I.
Og‘zaki nutqda qisqa javoblarda doim to‘ldiruvchi shakl: Who wants tea? — Me!, I’m hungry. — Me too., She’s taller than me. Rasmiy yozuvda oxirgisini taller than I am deb yozish mumkin.
Bitta so‘z ma’noni qanday o‘zgartiradi
| Gap | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| She loves him. | U (ayol) uni (erkakni) sevadi. |
| He loves her. | U (erkak) uni (ayolni) sevadi. |
| They called us. | Ular bizga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. |
| We called them. | Biz ularga qo‘ng‘iroq qildik. |
| Tell him the truth. | Unga (erkakka) haqiqatni ayting. |
| Tell her the truth. | Unga (ayolga) haqiqatni ayting. |
O‘zbekcha tarjimada qavssiz bu juftlarni ajratib bo‘lmaydi. Ingliz tilida esa bitta olmosh kim kimni sevishini hal qiladi.
Dialog: to‘ydan keyingi suhbat
Kamola: Did you see Dilshod at the wedding? He looked great.
Sardor: Yes, I talked to him for a while. His wife was with him too.
Kamola: Oh, I didn’t meet her. What does she do?
Sardor: She’s a dentist. They opened a clinic in Yunusabad last year.
Kamola: Really? My tooth hurts. Can you give me their number?
Sardor: Sure. I’ll send it to you now. Tell them I sent you!
Dialogda har bir olmoshning vazifasini ko‘ring: I talked to him (ega + predlogdan keyin to‘ldiruvchi), give me their number (their — egalik olmoshi, u haqda egalik olmoshlari sahifasida), send it to you (narsa — it).
Mashq: 14 ta gap
A. Qavsdagi olmoshning to‘g‘ri shaklini yozing.
- 1. Can you help ______ (I) with this bag?
- 2. ______ (we) live near Mustaqillik Square.
- 3. My parents are at home. Call ______ (they) tonight.
- 4. This present is for ______ (she).
- 5. Aziz and ______ (I) are in the same group.
- 6. The director wants to see Aziz and ______ (I).
B. He, she, it yoki they?
- 7. My aunt is a teacher. ______ works at School 110.
- 8. Where is my phone? I can’t find ______.
- 9. ______’s very windy today.
- 10. Someone left a bag here. I hope ______ come back for it.
C. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 11. Me and my sister like pop music.
- 12. Is very late, let’s go home.
- 13. My mother is a nurse. He works at night.
- 14. Please give to me the key.
Javoblar
1 — me; 2 — We; 3 — them; 4 — her; 5 — I; 6 — me; 7 — She; 8 — it; 9 — It; 10 — they.
11 — My sister and I like pop music. 12 — It’s very late, let’s go home. 13 — My mother is a nurse. She works at night. 14 — Please give me the key.
Izohlar:
- 1-gap: help dan keyin to‘ldiruvchi keladi — me. O‘zbekcha “menga yordam bering” dagi -ga inglizchada ko‘rinmaydi.
- 5 va 6-gaplar: ikkinchi odamni olib tashlang: I am in the group — I; wants to see me — me.
- 9-gap: ob-havo haqida gapda ega yo‘q, shuning uchun it.
- 10-gap: kim ekani noma’lum — bitta odam uchun ham they.
- 11-gap: ega vazifasida me emas, I; o‘zingizni oxiriga qo‘ying.
- 14-gap: give dan keyin olmosh to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri keladi: give me the key. Give the key to me ham to‘g‘ri, lekin give to me the key emas.
Bu mavzudan keyin my, mine va myself ga o‘ting: o‘zlik olmoshlari qo‘llanmasida “o‘zim” qachon myself ekanini ko‘rasiz. Barcha olmoshlarni aralashtirib tekshirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, olmoshlar mashqlari sahifasida 30 ta topshiriq bor.
Bandi bilan oilangiz haqida gapirib ko‘ring
He va she xatosi yozuvda kam, og‘zaki nutqda ko‘p uchraydi: gapirayotganda o‘ylashga vaqt qolmaydi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan oilangiz, do‘stlaringiz va hamkasblaringiz haqida so‘raydi, siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz, ilova esa he/she yoki I/me xatosini ko‘rsatib, to‘g‘ri variantni beradi. Bugun uch kishi haqida uch gapdan ayting va har gapda kim he, kim she ekanini tekshiring.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
