May va might ikkalasi ham “bo‘lishi mumkin” degani: It may rain. It might rain. Bugungi ingliz tilida ular deyarli bir xil. Might biroz kamroq ishonch bildiradi va og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq eshitiladi, may esa rasmiyroq va yozma matnda ko‘proq uchraydi. Ishonchingiz kuchli bo‘lsa — must (She must be at home), bo‘lishi mumkin emas deb o‘ylasangiz — can’t (That can’t be true).
O‘zbekchada bu ma’nolarni balki, ehtimol, -ishi mumkin, -sa kerak beradi. Inglizchada esa ular fe’l oldidagi bitta modal bilan aytiladi, keyingi fe’l doim V1: It might rain, It might rains emas.
Ishonch shkalasi
Quyidagi foizlar taxminiy, ular faqat modallarni bir-biriga nisbatan joylashtirish uchun. Ingliz tilida gapiruvchilar foiz hisoblamaydi, lekin tartibni his qiladi.
| Ishonch | Shakl | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|---|
| taxminan 95% ha | must | Her car is outside. She must be at home. | Mashinasi tashqarida. Uyda bo‘lsa kerak. |
| taxminan 80% | should, will probably | The train should arrive at 9:10. | Poyezd 9:10 da kelishi kerak. |
| taxminan 50% | may, may well | I may go to Samarkand for Navruz. | Navro‘zda Samarqandga borishim mumkin. |
| taxminan 30–40% | might, could | It might snow in Chimgan this weekend. | Dam olish kunlari Chimyonda qor yog‘ishi mumkin. |
| taxminan 30–50% yo‘q | may not, might not | Aziz might not come. He’s ill. | Aziz kelmasligi mumkin. U kasal. |
| taxminan 95% yo‘q | can’t, couldn’t | That can’t be Nodira. She’s in Moscow. | Bu Nodira bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U Moskvada. |
Diqqat qiling: must ning inkori xulosada can’t bo‘ladi, mustn’t emas. Mustn’t faqat taqiq: You mustn’t smoke here. Xulosa uchun She mustn’t be hungry deyilmaydi, She can’t be hungry, she’s just eaten deyiladi.
Ob-havo va rejalar: may, might, could
Ob-havo bashorati va hali aniq bo‘lmagan rejalar — bu modallarning eng tabiiy joyi.
Ikki do‘st dam olish rejasini muhokama qilyapti:
A: Are we still going to Chimgan on Saturday?
B: I’m not sure. The forecast says it might snow in the mountains.
A: Snow could be fun! We may not get another chance this year.
B: True, but the road might be closed. And Jasur may not come, he has an exam on Monday.
A: He must be nervous about it. OK, let’s decide on Friday evening.
B: Fine. If it snows, we might go to the Botanical Garden instead.
Suhbatda may/might/could hali aniq bo‘lmagan narsalar uchun, must esa dalilga asoslangan xulosa uchun ishlatildi: imtihoni bor, demak asabiylashyapti.
May va might: qachon farq qiladi
Ko‘p gaplarda almashtirish mumkin, lekin to‘rtta holatda farq bor:
- Ruxsat. May I come in? — Kirsam maylimi? Bu ehtimol emas, rasmiy ruxsat. Might I…? juda eskicha va kam ishlatiladi.
- So‘roq. Ehtimol haqida so‘rash uchun May it rain? deyilmaydi. Odatda Do you think it will rain? yoki Is it likely to rain? ishlatiladi.
- Real bo‘lmagan vaziyat. Shart gapda might keladi: If you asked him, he might help. (Agar so‘rasangiz, yordam berishi mumkin.)
- Ko‘chirma gap. O‘tmishda aytilgan gapni uzatganda may ko‘pincha might ga o‘tadi: She said she might be late.
May not ikki ma’noli bo‘lishi mumkin: You may not leave the room — chiqish mumkin emas (rasmiy taqiq); He may not know about it — u bu haqda bilmasligi mumkin. Kontekst ma’noni aniqlaydi.
Could ham ehtimol bildiradi va might ga yaqin: It could be a virus. Lekin inkorda ular ajraladi: couldn’t = mumkin emas (It couldn’t be a virus — virus bo‘lishi mumkin emas), might not = bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin. Could ning qobiliyat va iltimos ma’nolari can, could va be able to sahifasida.
Juft gaplar: bitta modal — boshqa xulosa
- 1. He may be at home. — Uyda bo‘lishi mumkin (bilmayman).
- 2. He must be at home. — Uyda bo‘lsa kerak (chiroq yoniq, mashinasi turibdi).
- 3. He can’t be at home. — Uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas (hozirgina uni bozorda ko‘rdim).
- 4. She might have missed the bus. — Avtobusdan qolib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
- 5. She must have missed the bus. — Avtobusdan qolib ketgan bo‘lsa kerak (boshqa sabab ko‘rinmayapti).
- 6. She can’t have missed the bus. — Avtobusdan qolib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas (bekatda uzoq kutib turgan edi).
O‘tmish haqida taxmin: modal + have + V3
Allaqachon bo‘lib o‘tgan narsa haqida taxmin qilganda modal o‘zgarmaydi, uning ortidan have + V3 keladi:
| Hozir haqida | O‘tmish haqida | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| She might be asleep. | She might have been asleep. | Uxlab qolgan bo‘lishi mumkin. |
| He may know the answer. | He may have known the answer. | Javobni bilgan bo‘lishi mumkin. |
| They must be lost. | They must have got lost. | Adashib qolgan bo‘lishsa kerak. |
| It can’t be expensive. | It can’t have been expensive. | Qimmat bo‘lgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. |
Could have va might have ning yana bir ma’nosi bor — amalga oshmagan imkoniyat yoki gina: You could have called me! (Qo‘ng‘iroq qilsangiz bo‘lardi-ku!) Should have esa afsus bildiradi, u must, have to va should farqi sahifasida.
O‘zbek va rus tilida o‘qiganlar xatolari
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| May be it will rain. | Maybe it will rain. / It may rain. | maybe — bitta so‘z, ravish |
| It might rains tonight. | It might rain tonight. | modaldan keyin V1 |
| It may to be cold. | It may be cold. | to ortiqcha |
| She mustn’t be hungry, she just ate. | She can’t be hungry, she’s just eaten. | xulosa inkori = can’t |
| He must be at work yesterday. | He must have been at work yesterday. | o‘tmish = must have + V3 |
| May it snow tomorrow? | Do you think it will snow tomorrow? | ehtimolni may bilan so‘ramaymiz |
| Probably he might come. | He might come. / He’ll probably come. | ikki marta noaniqlik |
Birinchi xato ayniqsa rus tilida o‘qiganlarda ko‘p: может быть ikki so‘z, shuning uchun inglizchada ham may be deb ajratib yoziladi. Qoida: gap boshida, “balki” ma’nosida — maybe (qo‘shib). Fe’l sifatida, egadan keyin — may be (ajratib): He may be right.
Mashq: must, might, may yoki can’t
- 1. Take a jacket. It ______ get cold after sunset.
- 2. You’ve been working all day. You ______ be exhausted.
- 3. That ______ be the right bus. It says “Airport” and we need Chorsu.
- 4. I’m not sure, but I ______ go to the concert tomorrow.
- 5. She didn’t answer my messages. She ______ (have) lost her phone.
- 6. The lights are on, so they ______ be at home.
- 7. Nobody is answering the door. They ______ (have) gone out.
- 8. He ______ have stolen the money. He was with me all evening.
- 9. ______ he is right, but I still disagree. (Maybe / May be)
- 10. The shop ______ be closed. Let’s call before we go.
Javoblar
- 1. might (yoki may, could) — noaniq ehtimol.
- 2. must — dalilga asoslangan xulosa: kun bo‘yi ishlagan.
- 3. can’t — dalil qarshi: yozuv boshqa manzilni ko‘rsatmoqda.
- 4. might (yoki may) — hali qaror yo‘q.
- 5. might have lost / may have lost / must have lost — uchalasi ham mumkin; must eng ishonchli taxmin.
- 6. must — chiroq yoniq, xulosa.
- 7. must have gone out — eshikni hech kim ochmayapti, eng ishonchli xulosa. Might have ham xato emas, lekin ishonch kamroq.
- 8. can’t — u men bilan edi, demak mumkin emas.
- 9. Maybe — gap boshida ravish.
- 10. might (yoki may, could) — shuning uchun oldindan qo‘ng‘iroq qilamiz.
8 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, shkalani tushungansiz. Kelajak haqidagi aniqroq bashoratlar uchun be going to va will farqi sahifasiga o‘ting, barcha modallarning umumiy xaritasi esa modal fe’llar jadvali sahifasida.
BandMate bilan mashq
Ehtimollik modallari suhbatda doim kerak: rejalar, ob-havo, “nima bo‘ldi ekan?” degan taxminlar. IELTS Speaking’da kelajak haqidagi savollarga I might…, It may well… bilan javob berish nutqni tabiiyroq qiladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan dam olish rejalaringiz va kelajakdagi maqsadlaringizni so‘raydi, siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz. Bugun sinab ko‘ring: ertangi kuningiz haqida bitta must, bitta might va bitta can’t bilan gap tuzing.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
