Modal fe’llar asosiy fe’lga munosabat qo‘shadi: qila olish (can), ruxsat (may), majburiyat (must, have to), maslahat (should), ehtimol (might) yoki muloyimlik (would). O‘zbekchada bu ma’nolarni qo‘shimcha va yordamchi so‘zlar beradi: -a olaman, -sa bo‘ladi, -ishim kerak, -ishi mumkin. Inglizchada esa bitta kichik so‘z fe’l oldiga qo‘yiladi: I can swim, you should rest, it might rain.
Bu sahifa — xarita. Har bir modalning ma’nosi, o‘zbekcha mosi, inkori va o‘tmish shakli bitta jadvalda. Har bir guruhning nozik farqlari alohida sahifalarda, havolalar pastda.
Katta jadval
| Modal | Asosiy ma’no | Misol | O‘zbekcha | Inkor | O‘tmishda |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| can | qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos | I can drive. | -a olaman; -sa bo‘ladi | can’t / cannot | could, was able to |
| could | o‘tmishdagi qobiliyat, muloyim iltimos, ehtimol | Could you help me? | -a olardim; -sangiz maylimi | couldn’t | could have + V3 |
| be able to | qobiliyat (har qanday zamonda) | I’ll be able to come. | -a olaman | not able to | was/were able to |
| may | rasmiy ruxsat, ehtimol | May I come in? | -sam maylimi; -ishi mumkin | may not | may have + V3 |
| might | kichik ehtimol | It might rain. | balki; -ishi mumkin | might not | might have + V3 |
| must | kuchli majburiyat, qat’iy xulosa | You must wear a seatbelt. | -ish shart; -sa kerak | mustn’t (taqiq) | had to; must have + V3 |
| have to | tashqi majburiyat | I have to work on Saturday. | -ishim kerak | don’t have to (shart emas) | had to |
| should | maslahat, kutilgan narsa | You should sleep more. | -ganingiz yaxshi; -ish kerak | shouldn’t | should have + V3 |
| ought to | maslahat (rasmiyroq) | We ought to leave now. | -ish lozim | ought not to | ought to have + V3 |
| had better | ogohlantiruvchi maslahat | You’d better hurry. | yaxshisi, -ing | had better not | yo‘q |
| need to / needn’t | zaruriyat / zaruriyat yo‘q | You needn’t come. | -ish shart emas | needn’t, don’t need to | didn’t need to; needn’t have + V3 |
| would | shart, muloyimlik, o‘tmish odati | I would buy it. | -ardim; -sangiz | wouldn’t | would have + V3 |
| will | kelajak, qaror, va’da | I’ll call you. | -aman (kelajak) | won’t | would (o‘tmishdagi kelajak) |
| shall | taklif (I/we bilan) | Shall I open the window? | -aymi? | shan’t (kam) | should (ko‘chirma gapda) |
Jadvalda ikki narsaga e’tibor bering. Birinchisi: ko‘p modallarning oddiy o‘tgan shakli yo‘q. O‘tmish haqida gapirish uchun yo boshqa fe’lga o‘tiladi (must → had to), yo modal + have + V3 tuzilmasi ishlatiladi (You should have called — qo‘ng‘iroq qilishingiz kerak edi). Ikkinchisi: must va have to darak gapda yaqin, lekin inkorda ma’nosi butunlay ajraladi.
Grammatika: to‘rtta qoida hammasiga tegishli
Can, could, may, might, must, should, would, will, shall — “sof” modallar. Ular bir xil grammatikaga bo‘ysunadi:
- -s olmaydi: she can, she cans emas.
- Keyingi fe’l to siz: you must go, must to go emas. (Istisno: ought to, have to, need to, be able to — ularda to shaklning o‘zida bor.)
- So‘roq va inkor do siz: Can you…? I can’t. Solishtiring: have to oddiy fe’ldek ishlaydi — Do you have to…? I don’t have to.
- Ikki modal ketma-ket kelmaydi: will can emas, will be able to; must can emas, must be able to.
Oxirgi qoida o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarni ko‘p qiynaydi, chunki o‘zbekchada qila olishim kerak tabiiy eshitiladi. Inglizchada ikkinchi modal o‘rniga uning “to’li” sherigi keladi: I need to be able to speak English for my job.
Ma’no bo‘yicha xarita
Bitta modal bir necha ma’noga ega, bitta ma’noni esa bir necha modal beradi. Shuning uchun ularni vazifa bo‘yicha guruhlash qulay.
Qobiliyat
Can (hozir), could (o‘tmishda umuman), be able to (boshqa zamonlar va o‘tmishdagi bitta muvaffaqiyat). My grandmother could read Arabic script. After two hours we were able to find the house. Farqlari can, could va be able to sahifasida.
Ruxsat va iltimos
Norasmiydan rasmiyga: Can I…? → Could I…? → May I…? Iltimos uchun: Can you…? → Could you…? → Would you…? → Would you mind + -ing? Muloyimlik darajasini to‘g‘ri tanlash ishga kirish suhbatida va ofisda juda muhim. Would ning muloyimlikdan tashqari yana beshta vazifasi would qachon ishlatiladi sahifasida.
Majburiyat va taqiq
Must — gapiruvchining o‘z talabi yoki yozma qoida, have to — tashqi majburiyat (ish, jadval, qonun). Inkorda: mustn’t = mumkin emas, don’t have to = shart emas. Bu eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato, u must, have to va should farqi sahifasida juft misollar bilan tushuntirilgan. Zaruriyat yo‘qligini bildiruvchi needn’t va didn’t need to uchun alohida sahifa: needn’t va don’t have to.
Maslahat
Yumshoqdan qattiqqa: You could… → You should / ought to… → You’d better… → You must… Had better oddiy maslahat emas, unda “aks holda yomon bo‘ladi” degan ogohlantirish bor. Batafsil: had better va ought to.
Ehtimol va xulosa
Ishonch darajasi bo‘yicha: must (aniq shunday, xulosa) → should (kutilgan) → may → might / could → can’t (bo‘lishi mumkin emas). She isn’t answering. She must be at work. / She might be asleep. / She can’t be at home, the lights are off. Foizli shkala va ob-havo misollari may va might farqi sahifasida.
Bir modal — bir necha ma’no
| Gap | Ma’nosi | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| You must show your ID. | majburiyat | Hujjatingizni ko‘rsatishingiz shart. |
| You must be tired after the flight. | xulosa | Parvozdan keyin charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak. |
| You can park here. | ruxsat | Bu yerda to‘xtasangiz bo‘ladi. |
| He can play the dutar. | qobiliyat | U dutor chala oladi. |
| May I use your phone? | ruxsat | Telefoningizdan foydalansam maylimi? |
| The flight may be delayed. | ehtimol | Reys kechikishi mumkin. |
| You should try the somsa here. | maslahat | Bu yerning somsasini tatib ko‘ring. |
| The parcel should arrive tomorrow. | kutilgan natija | Posilka ertaga yetib kelishi kerak. |
Ma’noni gapning qolgan qismi ochadi. Must + be + sifat ko‘pincha xulosa, must + harakat fe’li ko‘pincha majburiyat bo‘ladi.
Rasmlar bilan har bir guruhdan bittadan misol:
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| She cans cook. | She can cook. | modal -s olmaydi |
| You should to see a doctor. | You should see a doctor. | modaldan keyin to yo‘q |
| Do you can help me? | Can you help me? | modal do olmaydi |
| I will can come. | I will be able to come. | ikki modal ketma-ket kelmaydi |
| I must went there yesterday. | I had to go there yesterday. | must ning o‘tgan shakli yo‘q |
| You mustn’t come tomorrow, it’s a holiday. | You don’t have to come tomorrow. | mustn’t = taqiq |
| He must be working yesterday. | He must have been working yesterday. | o‘tmish xulosasi = must have |
Mashq: to‘g‘ri modalni tanlang
- 1. I ______ (can / could) ride a bike when I was six.
- 2. ______ I open the window? It’s hot. (Shall / Will)
- 3. Passengers ______ smoke on the metro. (mustn’t / don’t have to)
- 4. Tomorrow is Sunday, so I ______ get up early. (mustn’t / don’t have to)
- 5. Take an umbrella. It ______ rain later. (might / must)
- 6. You look pale. You ______ see a doctor. (should / would)
- 7. Next year I ______ speak English fluently. (will can / will be able to)
- 8. He’s been driving for ten hours. He ______ be exhausted. (must / can’t)
- 9. ______ you mind closing the door? (Would / Could)
- 10. That ______ be Dilnoza at the door, she’s in London this week. (can’t / mustn’t)
- 11. Yesterday I ______ stay at work until eight. (must / had to)
- 12. ______ I ask a question? (May / Must)
Javoblar
- 1. could — o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat.
- 2. Shall — I bilan taklif.
- 3. mustn’t — qoida bo‘yicha taqiq.
- 4. don’t have to — shart emas, lekin taqiq ham yo‘q.
- 5. might — noaniq ehtimol. Must bu yerda juda qat’iy bo‘lardi.
- 6. should — maslahat.
- 7. will be able to — will dan keyin can kelmaydi.
- 8. must — dalilga asoslangan xulosa.
- 9. Would — mind bilan faqat Would you mind…?
- 10. can’t — mantiqan mumkin emas. Mustn’t taqiq bildiradi, xulosa emas.
- 11. had to — o‘tmishdagi majburiyat.
- 12. May — rasmiy ruxsat so‘rash.
9 tadan kam bo‘lsa, xato qilgan guruhingizning sahifasini oching. Ko‘proq mashq kerak bo‘lsa, modal fe’llar mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting.
BandMate bilan mashq
Modal fe’llar yozuvda emas, suhbatda eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladi: iltimos qilish, maslahat berish, reja haqida taxmin aytish. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan shunday vaziyatlarni ovoz chiqarib o‘ynaysiz, darslarda qoida o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugun sinab ko‘ring: ertangi kuningiz haqida uchta gap ayting — bittasi have to, bittasi might, bittasi should bilan.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
