Had better qoidasi: ought to va should bilan farqi

Had better (qisqasi ’d better) + V1 — aniq bir vaziyatda beriladigan maslahat, uning ortida ogohlantirish bor: qilmasangiz, yomon bo‘ladi. You’d better take an umbrella — yaxshisi, soyabon oling (bo‘lmasa ho‘l bo‘lasiz). Inkori had better not: You’d better not be late. Ought to esa should ning sherigi — oddiy maslahat yoki burch, biroz rasmiyroq: You ought to call your grandmother.

Nomi aldamasin: had better da had bo‘lsa ham, u o‘tmish emas, hozir va yaqin kelajak haqida. O‘zbekchada unga “yaxshisi, …-ing, bo‘lmasa…” qolipi to‘g‘ri keladi. Ought to ga esa -ishingiz lozim, -ishimiz kerak (burch sifatida).

To‘rt shakl: kuchi va rasmiyligi

Should va must ning farqi, shuningdek mustn’t va don’t have to xatosi must, have to va should farqi sahifasida batafsil yozilgan. Bu sahifa ikki kamroq tanish shaklga — had better va ought to ga bag‘ishlangan.

Had better: grammatikasi

Uchta qoida:

• Had better dan keyin to yo‘q: You’d better go, had better to go emas.
• Inkorda not better dan keyin: had better not, hadn’t better emas.
• Had hamma shaxsda bir xil va boshqa zamonga o‘tmaydi: She’d better, We’d better. O‘tmishdagi afsus uchun should have ishlatiladi: I should have listened to you.

Og‘zaki nutqda ba’zan had butunlay tushib qoladi: You better watch out. Bu norasmiy va yozma nutqda, imtihonda xato hisoblanadi. Yozganda doim you’d better yoki you had better deng.

Qachon had better, qachon should

Had better ikki shartni talab qiladi: vaziyat aniq va natija muhim. Umumiy maslahat va hayotiy haqiqat uchun u ishlatilmaydi.

• 1. You should take an umbrella in autumn. — Kuzda soyabon olib yurgan yaxshi. (umumiy maslahat)
• 2. Look at those clouds. You’d better take an umbrella. — Anavi bulutlarga qarang. Yaxshisi, soyabon oling. (hozir, aks holda ho‘l bo‘lasiz)
• 3. You should visit Khiva one day. — Bir kun Xivaga borib ko‘ring. (tavsiya)
• 4. The museum closes at five. We’d better go now. — Muzey beshda yopiladi. Yaxshisi, hozir boraylik. (shoshilinch)
• 5. People should eat more vegetables. — Odamlar ko‘proq sabzavot yeyishi kerak. (umumiy)
• 6. People had better eat more vegetables. — xato: umumiy fikr uchun had better noto‘g‘ri tanlov.
• 7. You ought to apologise to her. — Undan uzr so‘rashingiz lozim. (burch, axloqiy)
• 8. You’d better apologise to her, or she won’t speak to you again. — Yaxshisi, undan uzr so‘rang, bo‘lmasa u siz bilan boshqa gaplashmaydi. (ogohlantirish)

7 va 8-gaplarning ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri, lekin ohangi boshqa. Ought to “shunday qilish to‘g‘ri” deydi, had better “shunday qilmasangiz, oqibati bo‘ladi” deydi.

Ohang: kimga aytyapsiz?

You’d better… do‘st, oila a’zosi yoki kichikka aytilganda tabiiy. Rahbarga, mijozga yoki notanish odamga aytilsa, tahdiddek eshitilishi mumkin: You’d better pay me on time — “vaqtida to‘lang, aks holda…”. Ofisda maslahat berishning muloyimroq yo‘llari:

Lekin I’d better va We’d better hech qanday qo‘pollik bildirmaydi. I’d better go — suhbatni muloyim yakunlashning eng oddiy usuli: “Endi ketishim kerak.” We’d better start — “Boshlasak bo‘ladi”. If I were you tuzilmasidagi would haqida would qachon ishlatiladi sahifasida.

Ought to: should ning kamroq ishlatiladigan sherigi

Ought to ma’nosi should bilan deyarli bir xil, lekin u kamroq eshitiladi va biroz rasmiyroq yoki eskicharoq tuyuladi. Ko‘pincha burch va to‘g‘rilik haqida gapirganda ishlatiladi:

• We ought to visit our grandparents more often. — Bobo-buvimiznikiga tez-tez borib turishimiz lozim.
• You ought not to drive after taking this medicine. — Bu doridan keyin mashina haydamaganingiz ma’qul.
• The parcel ought to arrive by Friday. — Posilka jumagacha yetib kelishi kerak. (kutilgan natija, should kabi)
• I ought to have told you earlier. — Sizga oldinroq aytishim kerak edi. (o‘tmishdagi afsus)

Grammatika: to shaklning bir qismi (ought to go), inkori ought not to (oughtn’t to kamdan-kam). So‘roq shakli Ought we to…? juda rasmiy, uning o‘rniga deyarli doim Should we…? deyiladi. Amaliy maslahat: gapirganda should ishlating, ought to ni esa matnda uchratganda taniy oling.

O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar

Beshinchi xato ’d qisqartmasidan keladi: u would ham, had ham bo‘lishi mumkin. Better bilan esa doim had.

Mashq: had better, had better not, ought to yoki should

• 1. It’s getting dark. We ______ go home before the roads get busy.
• 2. You ______ eat that fish. It smells strange.
• 3. Everyone ______ learn basic first aid. (umumiy maslahat)
• 4. I ______ go now — my mum is waiting for me. (suhbatni yakunlash)
• 5. We ______ thank the neighbours for their help. (burch, rasmiyroq)
• 6. Tuzating: You had better to check your passport before the trip.
• 7. Tuzating: She hadn’t better be late again.
• 8. You look ill. You ______ see a doctor. (do‘stona, oddiy maslahat)
• 9. Your boss is angry. You ______ be late again or you’ll lose your job.
• 10. Tuzating: I ought have called you yesterday.

Javoblar

• 1. had better — aniq vaziyat, oqibati bor.
• 2. had better not — xavf, ogohlantirish.
• 3. should — umumiy maslahat, had better mos emas. Ought to ham to‘g‘ri.
• 4. ’d better — I’d better go, muloyim xayrlashuv.
• 5. ought to — burch; should ham to‘g‘ri.
• 6. You had better check your passport before the trip. — to olib tashlanadi.
• 7. She’d better not be late again. — inkor better not.
• 8. should — oddiy maslahat. ’d better ham mumkin, agar ahvoli jiddiy bo‘lsa.
• 9. had better not — aniq vaziyat va jiddiy oqibat.
• 10. I ought to have called you yesterday. — ought to have + V3.

8 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, had better ni xavfsiz ishlata olasiz. Barcha maslahat va majburiyat shakllarining umumiy xaritasi — modal fe’llar jadvali. Ogohlantirishlarni ko‘pincha or, otherwise va if bilan davom ettiramiz: If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the bus — bu first conditional tuzilmasi.

BandMate bilan mashq

Maslahat berish ohangini to‘g‘ri tanlash — jonli suhbat ko‘nikmasi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizga turli vaziyatlarni aytib beradi (do‘stingiz imtihonga kechikyapti, hamkasbingiz hisobotni unutgan), siz ovoz chiqarib maslahat berasiz, darslarda qoida o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugungi mashq: bitta do‘stingizga You should…, bittasiga You’d better…, or… bilan maslahat bering va har birini ovoz chiqarib ayting.

BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling