Must — gapiruvchining o‘zi zarur deb bilgan narsa yoki yozma qoida: I must call my mum tonight. Passengers must wear seatbelts. Have to — tashqaridan kelgan majburiyat: ish, jadval, qonun, boshqa odamning talabi: I have to be at work at eight. Should — maslahat, “to‘g‘ri bo‘lardi” degan fikr, majburiyat emas: You should drink more water.
Eng muhim farq inkorda: mustn’t = mumkin emas, taqiqlangan; don’t have to = shart emas, xohlasangiz qiling. You mustn’t park here va You don’t have to park here butunlay boshqa gaplar.
Uchalasi bitta jadvalda
| must | have to | should | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma’no | kuchli majburiyat | majburiyat | maslahat |
| Kim talab qiladi? | gapiruvchi, qoida, yozma ko‘rsatma | tashqi vaziyat: ish, qonun, jadval | hech kim; bu fikr |
| Kuchi | juda kuchli | kuchli | o‘rtacha |
| Inkor | mustn’t — taqiq | don’t have to — shart emas | shouldn’t — qilmaslik yaxshi |
| So‘roq | Must I…? (kam, rasmiy) | Do I have to…? (odatiy) | Should I…? |
| O‘tmish | had to | had to | should have + V3 |
| Kelajak | will have to | will have to | should |
| O‘zbekcha | -ish shart; albatta -ish kerak | -ishim kerak (majburman) | -ganingiz yaxshi; -sangiz bo‘lardi |
Jonli nutqda have to ancha ko‘p eshitiladi. Must ko‘proq yozma qoidalar, e’lonlar, ko‘rsatmalar va gapiruvchining o‘ziga bergan qat’iy va’dasida uchraydi. Britaniyada og‘zaki nutqda have got to ham keng tarqalgan: I’ve got to go. (Ketishim kerak.)
Juft gaplar: modal almashsa, ma’no o‘zgaradi
- 1. I must call my grandmother. I haven’t called her for a week. — Buvimga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishim kerak (o‘zim shunday his qilyapman).
- 2. I have to call the bank before five. They need my passport number. — Bankka beshgacha qo‘ng‘iroq qilishim kerak (bank talab qilyapti).
- 3. You must see a doctor. — Albatta shifokorga boring (shifokor yoki yaqin odamning qat’iy talabi).
- 4. You should see a doctor. — Shifokorga ko‘ringaningiz yaxshi (maslahat).
- 5. You mustn’t use your phone during the exam. — Imtihonda telefon ishlatish mumkin emas (taqiq).
- 6. You don’t have to bring a pen. We’ll give you one. — Ruchka olib kelishingiz shart emas, o‘zimiz beramiz.
- 7. You shouldn’t eat so late. — Bunchalik kech ovqatlanmaganingiz ma’qul (maslahat).
- 8. We had to wait two hours at the airport. — Aeroportda ikki soat kutishga majbur bo‘ldik (o‘tmish).
- 9. We should have left earlier. — Ertaroq chiqishimiz kerak edi (afsus, tanqid).
1 va 2-gaplar grammatik jihatdan almashtirilsa ham xato bo‘lmaydi, lekin ohang o‘zgaradi. 5 va 6-gaplarda esa almashtirish ma’noni butunlay buzadi. Imtihon va testlarda aynan shu juftlik tekshiriladi.
Eng ko‘p xato: mustn’t va don’t have to
O‘zbekchada ikkalasi bir-biriga yaqin eshitilishi mumkin: kelmasangiz ham bo‘ladi va kelmang. Ingliz tilida ular qarama-qarshi:
| Gap | Ma’nosi | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| You mustn’t smoke in the metro. | taqiq | Metroda chekish mumkin emas. |
| You don’t have to take off your shoes here. | ixtiyoriy | Bu yerda oyoq kiyimni yechish shart emas. |
| Children mustn’t play near the road. | taqiq | Bolalar yo‘l yaqinida o‘ynamasligi kerak. |
| Students don’t have to wear a uniform at our university. | ixtiyoriy | Bizning universitetda forma kiyish majburiy emas. |
| You mustn’t tell anyone. It’s a secret. | taqiq | Hech kimga aytmang. Bu sir. |
| You don’t have to tell me if you don’t want to. | ixtiyoriy | Xohlamasangiz, aytishingiz shart emas. |
Esda saqlash usuli: mustn’t — qizil chiroq, don’t have to — sariq chiroq (xohlasangiz o‘ting, xohlamasangiz turing). Don’t have to ga ma’nodosh don’t need to va needn’t ham bor, ularning o‘tmishdagi nozik farqi needn’t va don’t have to sahifasida.
Rus tilida o‘qiganlar uchun: должен tuzog‘i
Rus tilida bitta должен so‘zi uchala ma’noni qamrab oladi: Я должен работать (majburiyat), Тебе надо отдохнуть / ты должен отдохнуть (maslahat), Он должен быть дома (xulosa). Shuning uchun rus maktabida o‘qiganlar hamma joyda must ishlatib yuboradi va gap haddan tashqari qat’iy eshitiladi:
| Rus tilidan kelgan gap | Tabiiy inglizcha | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| You must try this restaurant! | You should try this restaurant! | tavsiya, buyruq emas |
| I must go to work tomorrow. | I have to go to work tomorrow. | ish jadvali — tashqi majburiyat |
| He mustn’t come, it’s optional. | He doesn’t have to come. | не обязательно = shart emas |
| You must have told me! | You should have told me! | afsus, xulosa emas |
Oxirgi gap alohida e’tiborga loyiq. Must have told inglizchada “aytgan bo‘lsangiz kerak” degan xulosa bo‘ladi, afsus emas. Xulosa ma’nosidagi must haqida may va might farqi sahifasida gaplashamiz.
O‘zbekchada ham shunga o‘xshash tuzoq bor: kerak so‘zi must, have to va should ga ham to‘g‘ri keladi (borishim kerak, borishingiz kerak). Shuning uchun inglizchada gapirishdan oldin o‘zingizdan so‘rang: bu talabmi yoki maslahatmi?
O‘tmish va kelajakda
Must ning o‘tgan shakli yo‘q. O‘tmishdagi majburiyat har doim had to bilan aytiladi:
- When I worked in a bank, I had to wear a suit every day. — Bankda ishlaganimda har kuni kostyum kiyishim kerak edi.
- Did you have to pay for parking? — To‘xtash joyi uchun pul to‘lashingiz kerak bo‘ldimi?
- We didn’t have to show our passports. — Pasport ko‘rsatishimiz shart bo‘lmadi.
Kelajakda will have to: If you miss the bus, you’ll have to take a taxi. Will must degan shakl yo‘q.
Should ning o‘tmishi — should have + V3, va u doim afsus yoki tanqid bildiradi: I should have studied harder for the test. (Ko‘proq o‘qishim kerak edi, lekin o‘qimadim.)
Maslahatning boshqa darajalari
Should dan boshqa maslahat shakllari ham bor. Ought to — should ning rasmiyroq sherigi, had better esa “aks holda yomon bo‘ladi” degan ogohlantirish. Ular had better va ought to sahifasida taqqoslangan. Barcha modallarning qisqa xaritasi — modal fe’llar jadvali.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| I must to go. | I must go. | must dan keyin to yo‘q |
| She musts work on Saturday. | She has to work on Saturday. | must -s olmaydi; tashqi majburiyat |
| He have to study. | He has to study. | have to oddiy fe’ldek o‘zgaradi |
| Do I must bring my ID? | Do I have to bring my ID? | must do bilan kelmaydi |
| I must went yesterday. | I had to go yesterday. | o‘tmish = had to |
| You don’t have to cheat in the exam. | You mustn’t cheat in the exam. | taqiq kerak |
| You should to rest. | You should rest. | should dan keyin to yo‘q |
Mashq: must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to yoki should
- 1. In Uzbekistan you ______ drive on the right.
- 2. It’s Saturday. I ______ go to work today, so I can sleep in.
- 3. You ______ touch that wire! It’s dangerous.
- 4. You look tired. You ______ go to bed earlier.
- 5. Yesterday I ______ (majburiyat, o‘tmish) stay late because of a meeting.
- 6. You ______ pay for the museum on Mondays. Entry is free that day.
- 7. I really ______ start exercising. I feel so unfit. (o‘zimning qarorim)
- 8. ______ I ______ fill in this form in English? (odatiy savol)
- 9. Guests ______ leave their bags in the cloakroom. (yozma qoida)
- 10. You ______ eat so much sugar. It’s bad for your teeth.
Javoblar
- 1. have to (yoki must) — qonun, tashqi qoida. Og‘zaki nutqda have to tabiiyroq.
- 2. don’t have to — ish yo‘q, majburiyat ham yo‘q.
- 3. mustn’t — xavfli, taqiq.
- 4. should — maslahat.
- 5. had to — must ning o‘tmishi yo‘q.
- 6. don’t have to — bepul, to‘lash shart emas.
- 7. must — gapiruvchining o‘z qarori.
- 8. Do I have to — Must I…? ham grammatik, lekin rasmiy va kam ishlatiladi.
- 9. must — e’londagi rasmiy talab.
- 10. shouldn’t — maslahat. Mustn’t juda qattiq eshitiladi, agar shifokor talab qilmasa.
BandMate bilan mashq
Majburiyat va maslahatni to‘g‘ri tanlash ishdagi suhbatda, IELTS Speaking’da qoidalar haqida gapirganda, do‘stga maslahat berganda sinovdan o‘tadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan ishingiz, o‘qishingiz va uydagi qoidalar haqida so‘raydi, siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz. Mashq qilib ko‘ring: ish yoki o‘qishdagi uchta qoidani We have to… / We don’t have to… / We mustn’t… bilan ayting.
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