Can — hozirgi qobiliyat va ruxsat: I can swim. You can sit here. Could — o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat (I could read at five) va muloyimroq iltimos (Could you help me?). Be able to — can ishlata olmaydigan joylarda: kelajakda (will be able to), Perfect zamonlarda, boshqa modaldan keyin va o‘tmishdagi bitta aniq muvaffaqiyat uchun (I was able to fix it).
O‘zbekchada uchalasiga ham ko‘pincha -a olmoq to‘g‘ri keladi: suza olaman, suza olardim, suza olaman (kelajakda). Ruxsat ma’nosida esa -sa bo‘ladi: Kirsam bo‘ladimi? — Can I come in? Shuning uchun o‘zbekcha fikrlab turib qaysi birini tanlashni bilish qiyin. Quyidagi juft gaplar farqni ko‘rsatadi.
Qobiliyat uch zamonda
| Zamon | Shakl | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hozir | can / am able to | Dilnoza can speak three languages. | Dilnoza uch tilda gapira oladi. |
| O‘tmish, umumiy | could | My grandfather could fix any radio. | Bobom har qanday radioni tuzata olardi. |
| O‘tmish, bitta holat | was/were able to, managed to | The road was closed, but we were able to get home. | Yo‘l yopiq edi, lekin uyga yetib olishga ulgurdik. |
| Kelajak | will be able to | After this course you’ll be able to write emails. | Bu kursdan keyin xat yoza olasiz. |
| Present Perfect | have been able to | I haven’t been able to sleep well this week. | Bu hafta yaxshi uxlay olmadim. |
| Modaldan keyin | must/might/should be able to | A programmer should be able to read documentation in English. | Dasturchi hujjatlarni inglizcha o‘qiy olishi kerak. |
| to dan keyin | to be able to | I’d love to be able to play the dutar. | Dutor chala olishni juda xohlardim. |
Rasmlar bilan hozirgi qobiliyatni mashq qiling. Har bir rasmga ikki gap ayting: She can… va Can you…?
Could qachon xato bo‘ladi
Eng nozik joy shu. Darak gapda could o‘tmishdagi umumiy, doimiy qobiliyatni bildiradi — biror davr davomida qila olgan narsangiz. Bitta vaziyatda qiyinchilikka qaramay uddalagan ishingiz haqida gapirsangiz, could emas, was able to yoki managed to ishlatiladi.
- When I lived in Seoul, I could speak Korean quite well. — Seulda yashaganimda koreyschani ancha yaxshi gapira olardim. (umumiy)
- The exam was really hard, but I was able to finish on time. — Imtihon juda qiyin edi, lekin vaqtida tugatishga ulgurdim. (bitta holat)
- I lost my keys, but luckily I managed to get in through the window. — Kalitni yo‘qotdim, lekin baxtimga derazadan kirib oldim.
Inkorda bu farq yo‘qoladi: couldn’t ikkala holatda ham to‘g‘ri. I tried, but I couldn’t open the file. = I wasn’t able to open the file.
Yana bir istisno: sezgi fe’llari (see, hear, smell, understand, remember) bitta holatda ham could bilan keladi: We could see the Registan from our hotel window.
Juft gaplar: bitta so‘z — boshqa ma’no
- 1. I could open the door. — Eshikni ocha olardim (umuman, qo‘limdan kelardi).
- 2. I was able to open the door. — Eshikni ochishga muvaffaq bo‘ldim (o‘sha kuni, qiyin bo‘lsa ham).
- 3. Can you drive? — Mashina hayday olasizmi? (qobiliyat haqida savol)
- 4. Could you drive? — Siz haydab bera olasizmi? (iltimos: bugun rulga siz o‘tiring)
- 5. You can go now. — Endi ketsangiz bo‘ladi. (ruxsat)
- 6. You could go by metro. — Metroda borsangiz ham bo‘ladi. (maslahat, variant)
- 7. She can be very direct. — U ba’zan juda to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri gapiradi. (odatda shunday bo‘lib turadi)
- 8. She could be at the gym. — U sport zalda bo‘lishi mumkin. (hozirgi taxmin)
Oxirgi ikki gapdagi ehtimol ma’nosi may va might bilan birga may va might farqi sahifasida tushuntirilgan.
Ruxsat: can, could, may
| Kim bilan | Ruxsat so‘rash | Ruxsat berish | Rad etish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Do‘st, oila | Can I borrow your charger? | Sure, go ahead. | Sorry, I need it. |
| Notanish, hamkasb | Could I sit here? | Of course. | I’m afraid it’s taken. |
| Rasmiy vaziyat | May I ask a question? | Yes, you may. | I’m sorry, not now. |
Diqqat: Could I…? savolga Yes, you could deb javob berilmaydi. Could faqat so‘rashni yumshatadi, ruxsat berganda can yoki of course ishlatiladi. O‘tmishdagi ruxsat esa could yoki was allowed to: At my school we weren’t allowed to use phones in class.
Iltimos: muloyimlik zinapoyasi
O‘zbekchada muloyimlikni -sangiz, iltimos, bir so‘zi va ohang beradi: Bir qarab bera olasizmi? Inglizchada bu vazifani modal tanlovi bajaradi. Pastdan yuqoriga qarab muloyimroq:
- Can you send me the file? — do‘st, yaqin hamkasb bilan.
- Could you send me the file? — ofisda, notanish bilan, eng universal variant.
- Could you possibly send me the file today? — katta iltimos, noqulay vaziyat.
- Would you mind sending me the file? — juda muloyim; mind dan keyin -ing.
Ofisda yoki ishga kirish suhbatida Could you…? ni asosiy shakl qilib oling. Can you…? ham qo‘pol emas, lekin rahbar yoki mijozga yozganda could xavfsizroq. Savolni yanada yumshatish usullari — Do you know where…?, I was wondering if… — indirect questions sahifasida.
Taklif qilishda esa can va could ikkalasi ham ishlaydi: Can I help you? (do‘konda sotuvchi), I could pick you up from the airport if you like.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| I can to speak English. | I can speak English. | can dan keyin to yo‘q |
| She cans cook plov. | She can cook plov. | modal -s olmaydi |
| I will can help you tomorrow. | I will be able to help you tomorrow. | will + can mumkin emas |
| Yesterday I could finish the report. | Yesterday I was able to finish the report. | bitta muvaffaqiyat |
| I didn’t can sleep. | I couldn’t sleep. | inkorda do yo‘q |
| I have never could swim. | I have never been able to swim. | Perfect bilan be able to |
| Can you to repeat, please? | Can you repeat that, please? | to ortiqcha, that qo‘shiladi |
To‘rtinchi xato o‘zbekchadan keladi: tugata oldim ham umumiy, ham bitta holat uchun ishlatiladi. Inglizchada esa savol bering: bu ishni umuman qila olarmidim yoki o‘sha kuni uddaladimmi? Ikkinchisi bo‘lsa — was able to.
Mashq: can, could yoki be able to
Qavsdagi ma’noga mos shaklni yozing.
- 1. My little sister ______ read when she was four. (umumiy qobiliyat, o‘tmish)
- 2. The traffic was terrible, but we ______ catch the last train. (bitta muvaffaqiyat)
- 3. ______ you pass me the salt? (muloyim iltimos)
- 4. I hope I ______ visit Samarkand next spring. (kelajak)
- 5. Sorry, I ______ come to your party last night. (inkor, o‘tmish)
- 6. She has ______ drive since she was eighteen. (Present Perfect)
- 7. ______ I use your phone? Mine is dead. (do‘stga ruxsat so‘rash)
- 8. From the top of the TV tower you ______ see the whole city. (sezgi)
- 9. Would you mind ______ (speak) more slowly?
- 10. A good teacher should ______ explain things simply. (modaldan keyin)
Javoblar
- 1. could — butun davr davomidagi qobiliyat.
- 2. were able to (yoki managed to) — o‘sha kuni qiyinchilikka qaramay uddalandi.
- 3. Could — iltimos; Can ham xato emas, lekin kamroq muloyim.
- 4. will be able to — kelajakda can ning o‘rnini bosadi.
- 5. couldn’t (yoki wasn’t able to) — inkorda ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.
- 6. been able to — has dan keyin V3 kerak, can ning V3 shakli yo‘q.
- 7. Can — norasmiy vaziyat; Could ham to‘g‘ri.
- 8. can — umumiy haqiqat va sezgi fe’li. O‘tmish haqida bo‘lsa could.
- 9. speaking — mind dan keyin -ing.
- 10. be able to — ikki modal ketma-ket kelmaydi.
8 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, keyingi qadam — would qachon ishlatiladi: u iltimosdan tashqari shart gaplar va o‘tmish odatlarida ham ishlaydi. Barcha modallarning umumiy xaritasi modal fe’llar jadvali sahifasida.
BandMate bilan gapirib mashq qiling
Can va could ni farqlash eng ko‘p jonli suhbatda kerak: iltimos qilganda, o‘zingiz haqida gapirganda, ish suhbatida ko‘nikmalaringizni sanaganda. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan nimalarni qila olishingizni va bolaligingizda nimalarni qila olganingizni so‘raydi, siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz. Bugun mashq: bolaligingizda qila olgan uchta narsani I could… bilan, o‘tgan hafta uddalagan bitta ishni I was able to… bilan ayting.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
