This, that, these, those — ingliz tilidagi ko‘rsatish olmoshlari. Tanlov ikki savolga bog‘liq: narsa yaqinmi yoki uzoqmi, bittami yoki ko‘pmi. Yaqindagi bitta narsa — this, yaqindagi bir nechta — these. Uzoqdagi bitta — that, uzoqdagi bir nechta — those.
O‘zbek tilida “bu” va “u” ko‘plikda o‘zgarmaydi: bu kitob — bu kitoblar. Ingliz tilida esa olmosh ot bilan birga ko‘plikka o‘tadi: this book — these books. This books deyish o‘zbek o‘rganuvchilarining eng tipik xatosi.
Hoziroq atrofingizga qarang: qo‘lingizdagi narsani This is my phone, xonaning narigi burchagidagi narsani That is a window deb ayting.
Yaqin va uzoq, bitta va ko‘p
| Bitta (birlik) | Bir nechta (ko‘plik) | |
|---|---|---|
| Yaqin (qo‘l yetadi) | this — this cup | these — these cups |
| Uzoq (qo‘l yetmaydi) | that — that car | those — those cars |
Fe’l ham olmoshga moslashadi: This is, that is; these are, those are.
- This is my brother. These are my cousins.
- That building is new. Those buildings are old.
- Is this your bag? — Are these your keys?
“Yaqin” faqat masofa emas. Hozir qo‘lingizdagi, hozir boshdan kechirayotgan narsa ham this: This lesson is interesting. Gapirayotganingizdan uzoqlashgan, o‘tib ketgan narsa — that: That lesson yesterday was boring.
Bu, shu, o‘sha, u: o‘zbekcha qanday mos keladi
O‘zbek tilida to‘rtta ko‘rsatish so‘zi bor, ingliz tilida esa ikki juftlik. Taxminiy moslik:
| O‘zbekcha | Qachon | Inglizcha |
|---|---|---|
| bu | yonimda, qo‘limda | this / these |
| shu | yonimda yoki hozirgina aytilgan | this / these (ba’zan that) |
| o‘sha | avval aytilgan, ikkalamiz bilamiz | that / those |
| u, ana u | uzoqda, ko‘rsatib | that / those |
O‘sha kuni — that day; o‘sha paytlarda — in those days; shu hafta — this week. Ingliz tilida “o‘sha” ma’nosi uchun alohida so‘z yo‘q, uni ham that bajaradi.
Ot bilan va otsiz: that yoki that one
Ko‘rsatish olmoshi ot oldidan kelishi mumkin (this bag) yoki yolg‘iz turishi mumkin (This is expensive). Tanlov taklif qilinganda ko‘pincha one qo‘shiladi:
- Which melon do you want? — This one, please. — Qaysi qovun? — Mana bunisi.
- I don’t like these shoes. Can I try those ones? — Nariroqdagilarni kiyib ko‘rsam bo‘ladimi?
Odam haqida otsiz this/that asosan tanishtirish va “kim u?” savoliga javobda ishlatiladi: This is Nilufar. Who’s that? — That’s my neighbour. Odamni tasvirlaganda esa ot bilan aytish tabiiyroq: Those people are waiting for the bus.
Doim ko‘plikda turadigan otlar
Ba’zi narsalar o‘zbekchada birlikda, inglizchada esa har doim ko‘plikda: ko‘zoynak, shim, qaychi, quloqchin. Ular bilan these/those va are keladi:
- These glasses are new. — Bu ko‘zoynak yangi.
- Those jeans are too long. — U jinsi shim juda uzun.
- Where are the scissors? — These? — Yes, thanks.
This glasses is new deb aytsangiz, ikki xato bo‘ladi: olmosh ham, fe’l ham. Birlik va ko‘plik haqida umumiy qoidalar ingliz tilida birlik va ko‘plik sahifasida.
Talaffuz: this va these bir xil emas
Bu ikki so‘z faqat unli va oxirgi tovush bilan farq qiladi:
| So‘z | Talaffuz | Nimaga e’tibor |
|---|---|---|
| this | /ðɪs/ | qisqa i, oxiri jarangsiz s |
| these | /ðiːz/ | cho‘ziq ii, oxiri jarangli z |
| that | /ðæt/ | ochiq a, “zet” emas |
| those | /ðəʊz/ | “o‘u” sirg‘alishi, oxiri z |
To‘rttalasi ham th /ð/ bilan boshlanadi: tilning uchi tishlar orasida, tovush jarangli. Zis, dis, zet deyish tushunarli, lekin aksent kuchli eshitiladi. TH tovushini qanday mashq qilish ingliz tilida TH tovushi sahifasida. This va these qisqa-cho‘ziq farqini bilmasangiz, tinglovchi bitta narsa haqida gapiryapsizmi yoki ko‘p narsa haqidami, ajrata olmaydi.
Vaqt haqida: this week, those days
| Ibora | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| this morning / this week / this year | bugun ertalab / shu hafta / shu yil |
| that morning / that week | o‘sha kuni ertalab / o‘sha hafta (o‘tgan) |
| these days | hozirgi paytda, keyingi paytlarda |
| in those days | o‘sha paytlarda (ancha oldin) |
These days everyone pays by card, but in those days we only used cash. — Hozir hamma karta bilan to‘laydi, o‘sha paytlarda esa faqat naqd pul ishlatardik.
Telefonda va tanishtirishda: This is Aziz
Telefonda o‘zingizni tanishtirganda I am emas, this is ishlatiladi. Qarshi tomondagi odam haqida so‘raganda — is that...?
- Hello, this is Aziz from the language centre. — Assalomu alaykum, men til markazidan Azizman.
- Is that Malika? — Malikamisiz?
- Who’s calling, please? — Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qilyapti?
Birovni tanishtirganda ham shunday: Mum, this is my friend Kamila. She is my friend Kamila deyish tanishtirish emas, tavsif bo‘lib qoladi. Telefon suhbati iboralari: inglizcha telefon suhbati.
That: hozirgina aytilgan gapga ishora
Suhbatda that ko‘pincha narsani emas, suhbatdosh aytgan fikrni ko‘rsatadi. This esa hozir aytmoqchi bo‘lgan gapingizni:
- I got the grant! — That’s great! — Grant oldim! — Zo‘r-ku!
- That’s why I was late. — Shuning uchun kechikdim.
- That’s not true. — Bu to‘g‘ri emas.
- Listen to this: the metro is free tomorrow. — Mana buni eshiting.
Dialog: Chorsu bozorida
Tourist: Excuse me, how much are these apricots?
Seller: These? Thirty thousand a kilo. They’re from Fergana.
Tourist: And those, over there?
Seller: Those are dried apricots. Very sweet. Try this one.
Tourist: Mm, that’s delicious! I’ll take a kilo of those, please.
Seller: Here you are. Anything else? This melon is very good today.
Tourist: No, thanks. That’s all.
Sotuvchi qo‘lidagi o‘rikni these deydi, sayyoh uzoqroqdagi quritilgan o‘rikni those bilan ko‘rsatadi. That’s delicious — hozir tatib ko‘rgan narsaga baho.
Rasmli mashq: this is yoki these are?
Rasmlardagi narsalar qo‘lingizda turibdi deb tasavvur qiling. Har biri uchun This is a/an... yoki These are... bilan gap tuzing.
Endi bo‘sh joyni to‘ldiring.
- 9. Look at ______ mountains over there! They’re beautiful.
- 10. ______ days I don’t have much free time.
- 11. Hi, Dad, ______ is Kamola. Can you hear me?
- 12. I lived in Nukus in 2015. ______ year I started school.
- 13. Are ______ your shoes here, next to the door?
- 14. A: I passed my driving test! B: ______’s fantastic!
Javoblar
1 — This is a cup. 2 — These are keys. 3 — These are glasses. 4 — This is a watch. 5 — These are onions. 6 — These are headphones. 7 — This is an umbrella. 8 — This is a book.
9 — those; 10 — These; 11 — this; 12 — That; 13 — these; 14 — That.
Izohlar:
- 3 va 6-rasmlar: glasses va headphones doim ko‘plik, bitta narsa bo‘lsa ham these are.
- 5-rasm: bir nechta piyoz — these are onions. Artiklsiz, chunki ko‘plik.
- 7-rasm: umbrella unli tovush bilan boshlanadi — an umbrella. Bu qoida a va an farqi sahifasida.
- 9-gap: over there — uzoq, mountains — ko‘plik: those.
- 10-gap: these days — hozirgi paytda.
- 11-gap: telefonda o‘zini tanishtirish — this is.
- 12-gap: o‘tgan yil haqida — that year.
- 14-gap: suhbatdoshning gapiga javob — that’s.
Ko‘rsatish, kishilik va egalik olmoshlarini aralash tekshirish uchun olmoshlar mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting.
Ko‘rsatib gapirishni ovoz bilan mashq qiling
Qoidani tushunish oson, lekin tez gapirganda this va these ning unlisi hamda oxirgi s/z tovushi aralashib ketadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan xonangiz, xaridlaringiz yoki oilaviy suratlaringiz haqida gaplashing: “Bu kimning surati?”, “Nima sotib olding?” kabi savollarga javob berasiz, ilova esa talaffuz va grammatika xatolarini ko‘rsatadi. Bugun uyingizdagi beshta narsani ko‘rsatib, this/these bilan ovoz chiqarib ayting.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
