Prefiks (old qo‘shimcha) so‘zning boshiga qo‘shiladi va uning ma’nosini o‘zgartiradi, so‘z turkumini esa deyarli o‘zgartirmaydi. Happy → unhappy (baxtsiz), agree → disagree (rozi bo‘lmaslik), write → rewrite (qayta yozmoq), cook → overcook (haddan tashqari pishirib yubormoq).
Bitta so‘zni bilsangiz, prefiks orqali yana ikki-uchtasini tushunasiz. Quyida to‘qqizta eng foydali prefiks, 60 ta misol, yozilish qoidalari va 15 ta mashq bor.
To‘qqizta prefiks bitta jadvalda
| Prefiks | Ma’nosi | O‘zbekcha o‘xshashi | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| un- | emas, teskari | -siz, no-, be- | unhappy, unlock |
| in- (im-, il-, ir-) | emas | no-, -siz | incorrect, impossible |
| dis- | emas, teskari harakat | -maslik, -siz | dislike, disappear |
| re- | qayta, yana | qayta | rewrite, rebuild |
| pre- | oldin, oldindan | oldindan | prepay, preview |
| mis- | noto‘g‘ri, xato | noto‘g‘ri, adashib | misunderstand, misspell |
| over- | haddan tashqari | ortiqcha | overeat, overpriced |
| under- | yetarli emas, kam | kam, past | underpaid, undercooked |
| non- | emas (ko‘pincha rasmiy) | -siz | non-smoker, non-stop |
O‘zbek tilida inkor ko‘pincha so‘z oxirida bo‘ladi (-siz, -ma), ingliz tilida esa boshida. Shuning uchun baxtsiz ni ko‘p o‘quvchi not happy deb tarjima qiladi. Bu xato emas, lekin unhappy qisqaroq va tabiiyroq.
Inkor prefikslari: un-, in-, dis-
Bu uchtasi eng ko‘p uchraydi va eng ko‘p chalkashtiriladi. Qaysi so‘z qaysi prefiksni olishini aniq qoida bilan aytib bo‘lmaydi, shuning uchun so‘zni prefiksi bilan birga yodlang.
| So‘z | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| unhappy | baxtsiz, norozi | She was unhappy with the service. |
| unfair | adolatsiz | The decision was unfair. |
| unusual | g‘ayrioddiy | Snow in April is unusual in Tashkent. |
| unemployed | ishsiz | He’s been unemployed since spring. |
| unlock | qulfni ochmoq | Unlock your phone first. |
| unpack | narsalarni chiqarmoq | We unpacked after the trip. |
| unable | qodir emas | I was unable to attend. |
| unknown | noma’lum | The cause is still unknown. |
| incorrect | noto‘g‘ri | Your answer is incorrect. |
| informal | norasmiy | Use informal English with friends. |
| independent | mustaqil | She’s very independent. |
| inexpensive | arzon | The hostel is clean and inexpensive. |
| dislike | yoqtirmaslik | I dislike long meetings. |
| disagree | rozi bo‘lmaslik | I disagree with you. |
| dishonest | nohalol, yolg‘onchi | A dishonest seller cheated us. |
| disappear | g‘oyib bo‘lmoq | My keys have disappeared. |
| disconnect | uzmoq | The call was disconnected. |
| disadvantage | kamchilik | The main disadvantage is the price. |
| disorganised | tartibsiz | The office was completely disorganised. |
Un- fe’l oldida kelganda “teskari harakat” ma’nosini beradi: lock → unlock, pack → unpack, do → undo. Dis- ham shunday: appear → disappear, connect → disconnect.
im-, il-, ir-: yozilish qoidasi
In- prefiksi keyingi harfga qarab shaklini o‘zgartiradi. Bu qoida talaffuzni osonlashtirish uchun paydo bo‘lgan.
| Keyingi harf | Prefiks | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| p, b, m | im- | impossible, impolite, impatient, immature, imbalance |
| l | il- | illegal, illogical, illiterate |
| r | ir- | irregular, irresponsible, irrelevant |
| boshqa harflar | in- | incorrect, invisible, incomplete |
- impossible — imkonsiz: It’s impossible to get a taxi at this hour.
- impolite — odobsiz: It’s impolite to interrupt older people.
- impatient — sabrsiz: Don’t be so impatient, the plov is almost ready.
- immature — go‘r, yetilmagan: His reaction was a bit immature.
- illegal — noqonuniy: Parking here is illegal.
- illogical — mantiqsiz: The argument sounds illogical.
- irregular — noto‘g‘ri, notekis: “Go” is an irregular verb.
- irresponsible — mas’uliyatsiz: Leaving the gas on was irresponsible.
- irrelevant — aloqasi yo‘q: That detail is irrelevant.
- invisible — ko‘rinmas: The damage is almost invisible.
Diqqat: ill- va irr- da harf ikkilanadi, chunki prefiks va so‘z boshidagi harf yonma-yon keladi: il + legal = illegal, ir + regular = irregular. Ilegal yoki iregular deb yozish — imloviy xato.
re-, pre-, mis-: qachon va qanday
| So‘z | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| rewrite | qayta yozmoq | Rewrite the introduction. |
| rebuild | qayta qurmoq | They rebuilt the old bridge. |
| reopen | qayta ochmoq | The metro station reopened in May. |
| retake | qayta topshirmoq | I’m going to retake the exam. |
| recharge | qayta quvvatlamoq | I need to recharge my phone. |
| reuse | qayta ishlatmoq | We reuse plastic bags. |
| restart | qayta ishga tushirmoq | Restart your laptop. |
| prepay | oldindan to‘lamoq | You can prepay for the tour online. |
| preview | oldindan ko‘rish | Here is a preview of the lesson. |
| pre-order | oldindan buyurtma bermoq | I pre-ordered the book. |
| prehistoric | tarixdan oldingi | They found prehistoric tools. |
| misunderstand | noto‘g‘ri tushunmoq | Sorry, I misunderstood you. |
| misspell | xato yozmoq | He misspelled my surname. |
| mispronounce | xato talaffuz qilmoq | Many people mispronounce “comfortable”. |
| misuse | noto‘g‘ri ishlatmoq | Don’t misuse the medicine. |
| mislead | chalg‘itmoq | The advert was misleading. |
Re- ba’zan chiziqcha bilan yoziladi — faqat ma’no chalkashmasligi uchun: recover (tuzalmoq) va re-cover (qayta qoplamoq), resign (ishdan ketmoq) va re-sign (qayta imzolamoq).
over- va under-: me’yor haqida
Bu ikkisi juft bo‘lib ishlaydi va gapingiz shikoyat yoki tanqid bo‘lganda juda qo‘l keladi.
| So‘z | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| overeat | ortiqcha yemoq | We always overeat at weddings. |
| oversleep | uxlab qolmoq | I overslept and missed the bus. |
| overpriced | narxi oshirib yuborilgan | Souvenirs near Registan are overpriced. |
| overcrowded | odam tiqilib ketgan | The bus was overcrowded. |
| overcooked | haddan tashqari pishgan | The rice was overcooked. |
| overwork | ortiqcha ishlamoq | Doctors often overwork. |
| underpaid | kam maosh oladigan | Teachers feel underpaid. |
| undercooked | chala pishgan | The chicken is undercooked. |
| underestimate | yetarlicha baholamaslik | Don’t underestimate the traffic. |
| underweight | vazni me’yordan kam | The puppy was underweight. |
Oversleep — yaxshi misol: o‘zbekchada bir necha so‘z bilan aytiladigan “uxlab qolib kechikmoq” ma’nosi bitta so‘zga sig‘adi.
Oxirgi guruh — non-: non-smoker (chekmaydigan odam), non-stop (to‘xtovsiz), non-fiction (badiiy bo‘lmagan adabiyot), non-profit (notijorat), non-alcoholic (alkogolsiz). Ular ko‘pincha chiziqcha bilan yoziladi.
Shu bilan 60 ta so‘z tayyor. Keyingi qadam — so‘z oxiridagi qo‘shimchalar: -tion, -ness, -ful, -less. Ularni suffikslar sahifasida ko‘ring. -ly bilan ravish yasash esa ravish yasash sahifasida.
Aldamchi prefikslar: to‘rtta tuzoq
- inflammable — “yonmaydigan” emas, aksincha, tez yonadigan. Inflammable va flammable bir xil ma’noda.
- invaluable — “qadrsiz” emas, bebaho, juda qimmatli: Your help was invaluable. “Qadrsiz” — worthless.
- uninterested va disinterested: uninterested — qiziqmaydigan, disinterested — betaraf, xolis (a disinterested judge).
- unpossible, disunderstand kabi so‘zlar yo‘q. To‘g‘risi: impossible, misunderstand.
Rus tilida o‘qigan o‘quvchilar ko‘pincha не- ni hamma joyda un- bilan almashtiradi va unlegal, unpolite deydi. Yuqoridagi im/il/ir jadvali aynan shu xatoning oldini oladi. Inkor gaplarning o‘zi (don’t, isn’t, never) haqida alohida sahifa bor: ingliz tilida inkor gaplar.
Mehmonxonada: prefikslar bilan shikoyat
Jahongir Samarqanddagi mehmonxona qabulxonasida gaplashyapti.
Jahongir: Hi. I think there’s been a misunderstanding. I booked a double room, but you gave me a single.
Receptionist: I’m sorry, let me recheck the booking. Yes, you’re right. Our system was updated last night and some bookings were incorrect.
Jahongir: Also, the Wi-Fi keeps disconnecting, and the air conditioner is unreliable.
Receptionist: That’s unacceptable. I’ll move you to another room and reset the router.
Jahongir: Thanks. And I prepaid for breakfast, is that right?
Receptionist: Yes, it’s included. We’re sorry for the inconvenience.
Bitta qisqa suhbatda to‘qqizta prefiksli so‘z bor: misunderstanding, recheck, incorrect, disconnecting, unreliable, unacceptable, reset, prepaid, inconvenience. Mehmonxona, ish va xizmat haqidagi shikoyatlarda prefikslar ayniqsa tez-tez uchraydi.
Mashq: prefiks qo‘shing
A. Qavsdagi so‘zga to‘g‘ri prefiks qo‘shing.
- 1. It’s ______ (polite) to talk loudly on the phone in the metro.
- 2. I ______ (sleep) and was late for my first lesson.
- 3. Selling cigarettes to children is ______ (legal).
- 4. She ______ (agree) with her manager about the deadline.
- 5. The chicken was ______ (cook), so we sent it back.
- 6. “Swim” is an ______ (regular) verb.
- 7. Sorry, I ______ (understand) the question. Can you repeat it?
- 8. My password didn’t work, so I had to ______ (set) it.
- 9. Prices at the airport are always ______ (priced).
- 10. He’s very ______ (responsible): he forgot his little brother at school.
B. Ma’nosi to‘g‘rimi? Ha yoki yo‘q deb javob bering.
- 11. Inflammable — yonmaydigan.
- 12. Invaluable advice — juda qimmatli maslahat.
- 13. Unpack — narsalarni chamadonga joylamoq.
- 14. Underpaid — kam maosh oladigan.
- 15. Illiterate — o‘qish-yozishni bilmaydigan.
Javoblar
- 1. impolite — p dan oldin im-.
- 2. overslept — uxlab qoldim, oversleep ning o‘tgan zamoni.
- 3. illegal — l dan oldin il-, ikki l.
- 4. disagreed — agree faqat dis- oladi.
- 5. undercooked — chala pishgan, shuning uchun qaytarildi.
- 6. irregular — r dan oldin ir-.
- 7. misunderstood — disunderstand degan so‘z yo‘q.
- 8. reset — qayta o‘rnatmoq.
- 9. overpriced — narxi oshirib yuborilgan.
- 10. irresponsible — mas’uliyatsiz.
- 11. Yo‘q — inflammable tez yonadigan degani.
- 12. Ha — invaluable = bebaho.
- 13. Yo‘q — unpack narsalarni chiqarish; joylash — pack.
- 14. Ha.
- 15. Ha — il + literate.
Prefiksli so‘zlarni nutqda ishlatish
So‘z yodlashdan ko‘ra ularni gapda ishlatish muhimroq. IELTS Writing va Speaking baholash mezonlarida so‘z boyligi (Lexical Resource) alohida baholanadi va so‘z yasashdagi aniqlik ham shu mezonga kiradi; batafsil IELTS Writing lexical resource sahifasida. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan shikoyat, mehmonxona, ish kabi vaziyatlarni mashq qilasiz va unfair, overpriced, misunderstood kabi so‘zlarni ovoz chiqarib ishlatasiz. Ilova talaffuz va so‘z tanlash bo‘yicha fikr bildiradi; bu rasmiy baho emas. Bugun jadvaldan beshta so‘z tanlab, har biri bilan o‘zingiz haqingizda bitta gap ayting. Ma’nosi yaqin so‘zlar bilan ishlash uchun sinonimlar sahifasi ham foydali.
