Ingliz tilida inkor gaplar: not, don’t, never va nobody

Inglizcha inkor gapning asosiy qoidasi bitta: not birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin turadi. She is not at home. I have not finished. You can’t park here. Gapda yordamchi fe’l bo‘lmasa (Present Simple va Past Simple), uni o‘zingiz qo‘shasiz: I don’t know. He doesn’t eat meat. We didn’t go.

Ikkinchi qoida o‘zbek va rus tilida so‘zlashuvchilar uchun muhim: bitta gapda bitta inkor. Nobody came to‘g‘ri, Nobody didn’t come esa xato.

O‘zbekcha -ma, inglizcha not: farq qayerda

O‘zbekchada inkor fe’lning ichiga kiradi: bormadim, bilmayman, kelmaydi. Inglizchada fe’lning o‘zi o‘zgarmaydi. Inkor alohida so‘z (not) bo‘lib, u yordamchi fe’lga yopishadi. Shuning uchun o‘quvchilar ikki xil xato qiladi:

not ni asosiy fe’l oldiga qo‘yadi: I not know — to‘g‘risi I don’t know.
don’t dan keyin fe’lni o‘zgartiradi: He doesn’t knows, I didn’t went — to‘g‘risi He doesn’t know, I didn’t go.

Do, does, did ning barcha vazifalari (so‘roq, qisqa javob, ta’kid) do va does qachon ishlatiladi sahifasida yozilgan. Bu yerda inkorning o‘ziga, ayniqsa never, no, nobody kabi so‘zlarga e’tibor beramiz.

Har bir zamonda inkor: to‘liq jadval

Zamon	Tasdiq	Inkor (to‘liq)	Inkor (qisqa)
to be (hozir)	She is tired.	She is not tired.	She isn’t / She’s not tired.
to be (o‘tgan)	They were here.	They were not here.	They weren’t here.
Present Simple	He works on Sundays.	He does not work on Sundays.	He doesn’t work…
Past Simple	I called her.	I did not call her.	I didn’t call her.
Present Continuous	We are waiting.	We are not waiting.	We aren’t / We’re not waiting.
Past Continuous	It was raining.	It was not raining.	It wasn’t raining.
Present Perfect	I have seen it.	I have not seen it.	I haven’t seen it.
Past Perfect	She had left.	She had not left.	She hadn’t left.
Future (will)	He will come.	He will not come.	He won’t come.
Going to	I’m going to buy it.	I am not going to buy it.	I’m not going to buy it.
Modal	You can smoke here.	You cannot smoke here.	You can’t smoke here.
Passive	It was made in China.	It was not made in China.	It wasn’t made in China.

Jadvaldan ko‘rinadiki, not hamisha birinchi yordamchidan keyin keladi, hatto yordamchi ikkita bo‘lsa ham: She has not been working. The flat won’t be ready.

Qisqartmalar: yozish va talaffuz

So‘zlashuvda va norasmiy yozuvda deyarli har doim qisqa shakl ishlatiladi. Uch nozik joy bor:

I am not → faqat I’m not. I amn’t degan shakl yo‘q. (Savolda esa aren’t I? bo‘ladi.)
will not → won’t (willn’t emas), talaffuzi [wəʊnt] — want bilan adashtirmang.
cannot yozuvda bitta so‘z. Can’t Britaniyada [kɑːnt], Amerikada [kænt] deb aytiladi. Amerikacha can va can’t farqi ko‘pincha oxiridagi t dan emas, urg‘udan eshitiladi.

Mustn’t [ˈmʌsnt] da birinchi t aytilmaydi. Mustn’t (taqiq) va don’t have to (majburiyat yo‘q) farqi uchun need, needn’t va don’t have to sahifasini ko‘ring.

Rasmiy xat, akademik esse va IELTS Writing da qisqartmalardan qoching: do not, cannot, will not.

Never, no, nobody: not siz inkor

Ba’zi so‘zlarning o‘zida inkor bor. Ular bilan gap not siz inkor bo‘ladi:

So‘z	Ma’nosi	Misol	Xuddi shu ma’no not bilan
never	hech qachon	I never drink coffee.	I don’t ever drink coffee.
no + ot	hech qanday	There’s no milk.	There isn’t any milk.
nobody / no one	hech kim	Nobody called.	— (ega bo‘lsa faqat nobody)
nothing	hech narsa	I bought nothing.	I didn’t buy anything.
nowhere	hech qayerda	We went nowhere.	We didn’t go anywhere.
none	hech biri	None of them came.	—
neither … nor	na …, na …	Neither Ali nor Vali called.	—

Chap tomondagi variant kuchliroq yoki kitobiyroq. O‘ng tomondagi variant (not … any) kundalik nutqda ko‘proq eshitiladi. Nobody va nothing gap egasi bo‘lsa, faqat ular ishlatiladi: Nothing happened. (Anything didn’t happen xato.)

Ikki inkor xatosi

O‘zbek tilida ikki inkor mutlaqo normal: Hech kim kelmadi. Hech narsa bilmayman. Rus tilida ham: Никто не пришёл. Standart ingliz tilida esa ikki inkor bir-birini yo‘qqa chiqaradi yoki shunchaki xato eshitiladi. Og‘zaki shevalarda va qo‘shiqlarda uchrasa ham, imtihonda va rasmiy nutqda ishlatmang.

O‘zbekcha qolip bo‘yicha (xato)	To‘g‘ri
Nobody didn’t come.	Nobody came.
I don’t know nothing.	I don’t know anything. / I know nothing.
I didn’t see nobody.	I didn’t see anybody. / I saw nobody.
She never doesn’t cook.	She never cooks.
We don’t have no time.	We don’t have any time. / We have no time.
I can’t find it nowhere.	I can’t find it anywhere.

Qoida: gapda not bo‘lsa, keyin any- so‘zlari (anybody, anything, anywhere, any) keladi. Not bo‘lmasa, no- so‘zlari (nobody, nothing, nowhere, no).

Inkor savolga javob: yes yoki no?

Bu o‘zbek o‘quvchilari eng ko‘p chalkashadigan joy. O‘zbekchada javob savolga moslashadi: — Choy ichmaysizmi? — Ha, ichmayman. Inglizchada yes/no haqiqatga moslashadi:

Don’t you drink tea? — No, I don’t. (Ichmayman.)
Don’t you drink tea? — Yes, I do. (Ichaman.)
Aren’t you hungry? — No, I’m not. (Och emasman.)

Qisqa qoida: javobingizdagi fe’l tasdiq bo‘lsa — yes, inkor bo‘lsa — no. Yes, I don’t degan javob yo‘q. Inkor dumli savollarga javob berish xuddi shu mantiqqa bo‘ysunadi; batafsil tag questions sahifasida.

Tabiiy inkorlar: think, hope, not to

I don’t think… — inglizlar I think he isn’t right o‘rniga I don’t think he’s right deydi. Inkor think ga ko‘chadi.
I hope not / I’m afraid not — qisqa inkor javob: — Is it going to rain? — I hope not.
not + to — infinitiv inkori: I decided not to go. (don’t to go emas).
Not yet, not really, not at all — qisqa javoblar: — Have you finished? — Not yet.

Dorixona oldida: dialog

Malika: You look pale. Are you OK?

Nodira: Not really. I don’t feel well. I didn’t sleep at all last night.

Malika: Haven’t you taken anything?

Nodira: No, I haven’t. There’s nothing in my first aid kit.

Malika: The pharmacy on the corner isn’t closed yet. Let’s go.

Nodira: I don’t think I need medicine. I just need some rest.

Malika: Don’t be silly. You can’t work like this. And don’t tell me nobody noticed — everybody did!

Dialogdagi har bir inkor gapda not yoki inkor so‘z faqat bir marta keladi: nothing bilan not birga ishlatilmagan.

Mashq: 14 ta gap

A. Inkor shaklga o‘tkazing (qisqa shaklda).

1. She speaks Korean.
2. We went to the concert.
3. I am ready.
4. They have finished the project.
5. He will call you back.
6. The bus was full.

B. Ikki inkor xatosini tuzating.

7. I didn’t buy nothing at the bazaar.
8. Nobody didn’t answer the phone.
9. We can’t go nowhere tonight.
10. He never doesn’t help at home.

C. Savolga haqiqatga mos javob bering.

11. Don’t you like plov? (Sizga yoqadi.) — ______
12. Isn’t she coming? (U kelmaydi.) — ______

D. Tabiiyroq qiling.

13. I think it isn’t a good idea.
14. I decided don’t go to the party.

Javoblar

1. She doesn’t speak Korean. — Present Simple, does qo‘shiladi, speak -s siz.
2. We didn’t go to the concert. — went o‘rniga go.
3. I’m not ready. — amn’t yo‘q.
4. They haven’t finished the project.
5. He won’t call you back.
6. The bus wasn’t full.
7. I didn’t buy anything at the bazaar. / I bought nothing at the bazaar.
8. Nobody answered the phone.
9. We can’t go anywhere tonight.
10. He never helps at home.
11. Yes, I do. — yoqadi, fe’l tasdiq.
12. No, she isn’t. — kelmaydi, fe’l inkor.
13. I don’t think it’s a good idea.
14. I decided not to go to the party.

Yuqori darajada inkor so‘zlar gap boshiga chiqib, tartibni o‘zgartiradi: Never have I seen… Bu haqda inversion sahifasida o‘qing.

Inkor gaplarni tez gapirishga o‘rganish

Yozganda didn’t went ni tekshirib tuzatish oson, suhbatda esa vaqt yo‘q. BandMate ilovasida Bandi siz bilan odatlar, ovqat va sayohat haqida gaplashadi va ataylab inkor savollar beradi: “Don’t you like spicy food?”, “Haven’t you been to Khiva?”. Siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz. Hozir boshlang: bugun qilmagan uchta ishingizni I didn’t… bilan va hech qachon qilmaydigan bitta ishingizni I never… bilan ayting.

BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling