Do va does oddiy zamonda so‘roq va inkor gap yasash uchun kerak: Do you work? She doesn’t work. Does faqat he, she, it (va bitta odam yoki narsa) bilan, do qolgan hamma ega bilan keladi. O‘tgan zamonda ikkalasining o‘rniga bitta did turadi: Did you call? Yordamchi do dan keyin asosiy fe’l doim lug‘atdagi shaklda (V1) bo‘ladi: Does he go?, Does he goes? emas.
Do ning yana ikki vazifasi bor: u gapga kuch beradi (I do like it! — rostdan yoqadi) va o‘zi ham oddiy fe’l bo‘la oladi (do homework — uy vazifasini qilmoq). Quyida uchala holatni alohida ko‘ramiz. Present Simple zamonining o‘zi (-s qo‘shimchasi, signal so‘zlar) Present Simple qoidasi sahifasida batafsil yozilgan, bu yerda faqat do ning o‘ziga e’tibor beramiz.
Uch shakl: do, does, did
| Shakl | Qaysi ega bilan | Zamon | Inkor shakli | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| do | I, you, we, they, ko‘plik ot | hozirgi oddiy | don’t (do not) | Do your parents live in Fergana? |
| does | he, she, it, birlik ot | hozirgi oddiy | doesn’t (does not) | Does the shop open on Sunday? |
| did | hamma ega | o‘tgan oddiy | didn’t (did not) | Did you see the match? |
Birlik ot deganda bitta odam yoki narsa tushuniladi: my brother, the bus, Tashkent, this app. Ular he/she/it o‘rnida turadi, shuning uchun does oladi: Does this app work offline? Sanalmaydigan otlar ham birlik hisoblanadi: Does the water taste strange?
Esda qoladigan qoida: -s bitta gapda faqat bir marta keladi. Does -s ni o‘ziga oladi va asosiy fe’l yalang‘och qoladi. Did ham xuddi shunday o‘tgan zamonni o‘ziga oladi: Did you go? (went emas).
So‘roq gap: o‘zbekchada -mi, inglizchada do
O‘zbekchada so‘roqni fe’l oxiridagi -mi yasaydi: Ishlaysizmi? Rus tilida esa ko‘pincha faqat ohang o‘zgaradi: Ты работаешь? Inglizchada ikkalasi ham yetmaydi: gap boshiga yordamchi fe’l chiqishi kerak. Be yoki modal fe’l bo‘lmasa, bu vazifani do/does/did bajaradi.
| Turi | Formula | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ha/yo‘q savoli | Do/Does/Did + ega + V1? | Does your sister speak Korean? | Singlingiz koreyscha gapiradimi? |
| Maxsus savol | so‘roq so‘zi + do/does/did + ega + V1? | Where do you usually buy bread? | Nonni odatda qayerdan olasiz? |
| O‘tgan zamon | Did + ega + V1? | What did you have for lunch? | Tushlikka nima yedingiz? |
| Inkor savol | Don’t/Doesn’t/Didn’t + ega + V1? | Don’t you like plov? | Osh yoqmaydimi sizga? |
Muhim istisno — ega haqida savol. Agar who yoki what gapning egasi bo‘lsa, do kerak emas: Who lives here? (Bu yerda kim yashaydi?), What happened? (Nima bo‘ldi?). Solishtiring: Who did you call? — bu yerda who to‘ldiruvchi (kimga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingiz?), shuning uchun did bor. Bu farq ingliz tilida savol tuzish sahifasida ko‘proq misollar bilan ko‘rsatilgan.
Inkor gap: not fe’lga emas, do ga qo‘shiladi
O‘zbekchada inkor fe’l ichida: ishlamayman. Inglizchada not yolg‘iz tura olmaydi, unga tayanch kerak — o‘sha tayanch do:
- I don’t eat meat. — Men go‘sht yemayman.
- My father doesn’t drive in the city. — Otam shaharda mashina haydamaydi.
- We didn’t understand the question. — Biz savolni tushunmadik.
- It doesn’t matter. — Farqi yo‘q.
Og‘zaki nutqda va xatlarda deyarli doim qisqa shakl ishlatiladi: don’t, doesn’t, didn’t. To‘liq do not rasmiy matnda yoki alohida urg‘u berilganda eshitiladi: I do not agree. Inkor gaplarning boshqa turlari (never, no, nobody) inkor gaplar qoidasida.
Yes, I do: savolga yordamchi fe’l bilan javob
Ingliz tilida savolga faqat Yes yoki No deb javob berish biroz quruq eshitiladi. Odatda savoldagi yordamchi fe’l takrorlanadi:
A: Do you drink coffee in the morning?
B: No, I don’t. I prefer green tea.
A: Does your brother still work at the bank?
B: Yes, he does. He’s a manager now.
A: Did you watch the concert on TV yesterday?
B: Yes, I did! It was great.
Qoida oddiy: javobda olmosh va yordamchi fe’l, asosiy fe’l takrorlanmaydi. Yes, I drink yoki Yes, I do drink demaymiz. No, he doesn’t work ham ortiqcha, No, he doesn’t yetarli.
Uy ishlari haqida savol-javobni rasmlar bilan mashq qiling. Har biriga savol bering va ikkala javobni ayting:
Yordamchi fe’lni takrorlash mantig‘i boshqa joylarda ham ishlaydi. She speaks English better than I do. (mendan yaxshiroq). I love Samarkand. — So do I. (Men ham.) Oxirgisi haqida alohida sahifa bor: So do I va Neither do I.
Ta’kidlovchi do: “rostdan ham”
Darak gapda ham do qo‘yish mumkin, lekin faqat alohida kuch berish uchun. Bunday do baland va urg‘u bilan aytiladi:
- I do like your cooking, I’m just not hungry. — Ovqatingiz menga rostdan yoqadi, shunchaki qornim to‘q.
- She does work hard, but her salary is low. — U haqiqatan ko‘p ishlaydi, lekin maoshi kam.
- I did send the file! Check your spam folder. — Faylni yubordim-ku! Spam papkasini tekshiring.
- Do sit down. — Marhamat, o‘tiring. (mehmonni iltifot bilan taklif qilish)
Ta’kidlovchi do ko‘pincha kimdir shubha qilganda yoki e’tiroz bildirganda ishlatiladi. O‘zbekchada bunga -ku, rostdan, haqiqatan to‘g‘ri keladi. Qoida o‘zgarmaydi: does/did dan keyin fe’l V1 (she does work, she does works emas).
Asosiy fe’l sifatida do: “qilmoq”
Do o‘zi ham oddiy fe’l, ma’nosi “qilmoq, bajarmoq”. Shunda u boshqa fe’llar kabi o‘zgaradi: do — does — did — done. Tipik birikmalar:
| Birikma | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| do homework | uy vazifasini qilmoq | My son does his homework after lunch. |
| do the dishes / the shopping | idish yuvmoq / xarid qilmoq | Who does the shopping in your family? |
| do sport / exercise | sport bilan shug‘ullanmoq | I do exercise three times a week. |
| do a course | kursda o‘qimoq | She’s doing an IT course at IT Park. |
| do your best | qo‘lingizdan kelganini qilmoq | Just do your best in the exam. |
| What do you do? | Kasbingiz nima? | — What do you do? — I’m a nurse. |
Asosiy fe’l do ni yordamchi do bilan so‘roq qilganda gapda ikkita do bo‘ladi va bu to‘g‘ri: What do you do? (Nima ish qilasiz?), Did you do the homework?, He doesn’t do anything at weekends. Ko‘p o‘rganuvchilar bundan cho‘chiydi va bittasini tashlab ketadi: What you do? yoki Did you the homework? Ikkalasi ham xato.
Do kerak bo‘lmagan joylar
Do faqat boshqa yordamchi fe’l bo‘lmaganda keladi. Quyidagi hollarda gapda o‘z yordamchisi bor, shuning uchun do ortiqcha:
| Holat | Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|
| be (am, is, are, was, were) | Do you are ready? | Are you ready? |
| modal fe’llar | Do you can swim? | Can you swim? |
| Continuous zamonlar | Do you working now? | Are you working now? |
| Perfect zamonlar | Did you have finished? | Have you finished? |
| ega haqida savol | Who does live here? | Who lives here? |
Bitta nozik joy: have “ega bo‘lmoq” ma’nosida oddiy fe’l, shuning uchun do bilan ishlaydi: Do you have a pen? Britaniyada Have you got a pen? ham keng tarqalgan, u yerda do yo‘q. Ikkalasini aralashtirmang: Do you have got…? xato. Can va boshqa modal fe’llar nima uchun do olmasligi modal fe’llar jadvalida tushuntirilgan.
Buyruq gaplarda esa inkor don’t bilan yasaladi, hatto be bilan ham: Don’t be late! (Kechikmang!) — bu be ning do bilan uchrashadigan kam holatlaridan biri.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| Does he goes to school? | Does he go to school? | -s ikki marta: does va goes |
| He don’t like tea. | He doesn’t like tea. | he bilan does |
| I doesn’t know. | I don’t know. | I bilan do |
| Did you went to Bukhara? | Did you go to Bukhara? | did dan keyin V1 |
| Where you live? | Where do you live? | savolda do tushib qolgan |
| What means this word? | What does this word mean? | mean oddiy fe’l, does kerak |
| Who did call you? | Who called you? | who — ega |
| Yes, I like. | Yes, I do. | qisqa javobda yordamchi fe’l |
What means this word? xatosi rus tilidan keladi (Что значит это слово?). Where you live? esa o‘zbekcha Qayerda yashaysiz? so‘zma-so‘z tarjimasi: o‘zbekchada ham, ruschada ham yordamchi fe’lga mos bo‘lak yo‘q. Shuning uchun Where do you…, What does it… bo‘laklarini bir butun ibora sifatida yodlab oling.
Mashq: 12 ta savol
A. Do, does yoki did qo‘ying.
- 1. ______ your cousin study in Samarkand?
- 2. What time ______ the metro close at night?
- 3. ______ you see Aziz at the wedding last Saturday?
- 4. My neighbours ______ n’t have a car.
- 5. How ______ you spell your surname?
- 6. It ______ n’t rain at all last August.
B. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 7. Does she wants a new phone?
- 8. What means “mahalla” in English?
- 9. Who does teach you English?
- 10. Do you can come tomorrow?
C. Yordamchi fe’l bilan javob bering.
- 11. Does Tashkent have a metro? — Yes, ______.
- 12. Did your parents enjoy the trip? — No, ______.
Javoblar
- 1. Does — your cousin bitta odam, he/she o‘rnida.
- 2. does — ega the metro, birlik.
- 3. Did — last Saturday o‘tgan zamonni ko‘rsatadi.
- 4. don’t — neighbours ko‘plik, they o‘rnida.
- 5. do — you bilan doim do.
- 6. didn’t — last August o‘tgan zamon. It bo‘lsa ham did shakli o‘zgarmaydi.
- 7. Does she want a new phone? — -s faqat does da.
- 8. What does “mahalla” mean in English? — mean oddiy fe’l.
- 9. Who teaches you English? — who ega, do kerak emas. (Who does teach you? faqat alohida ta’kid bilan aytiladi.)
- 10. Can you come tomorrow? — modal fe’l bilan do ishlatilmaydi.
- 11. Yes, it does. — Tashkent = it.
- 12. No, they didn’t. — parents = they, o‘tgan zamon.
10 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, do ning o‘rnini tushungansiz. Did bilan ko‘proq ishlash uchun Past Simple qoidasi sahifasidagi so‘roq va inkor jadvaliga o‘ting.
BandMate bilan gapirib mashq qiling
Do va does ni tez tanlash yozma mashqda emas, jonli savol-javobda shakllanadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizga kundalik hayotingiz haqida savol beradi (Do you work or study? What does your father do?), siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz, darslarda esa grammatika o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugungi vazifa: do‘stingiz haqida beshta savol tuzing (Does he…?) va har biriga qisqa javob bering (Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t).
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
