Qaysi zamonni qachon ishlatish: savollar zanjiri va 30 ta mashq

Zamonni formuladan emas, vaziyatdan tanlang. O‘zingizga ketma-ket uchta savol bering: 1) Harakat qachon: o‘tmishda, hozir yoki kelajakdami? 2) U fakt yoki odatmi, yoki ayni paytdagi jarayonmi? 3) U boshqa bir payt bilan bog‘liqmi: undan oldin tugaganmi yoki shu paytgacha davom etyaptimi? Uchala javob birgalikda zamonni aytib beradi.

Pastda har bir vaqt uchun savollar alohida zanjir qilib berilgan. Birinchi “ha” javobida to‘xtang, o‘sha zamon sizniki. Oxirida 30 ta o‘zbekcha gap bor: har birini zanjir orqali tarjima qiling.

O‘tmish haqida gapiryapsizmi? 5 ta savol

Tartib muhim: savollarni yuqoridan pastga bering.

1. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt aytilganmi yoki tugagan davr haqidami? (yesterday, in 2019, last week, when I was a child, ... ago) → Past Simple: I met him in 2019.
2. Vaqt aytilmagan, lekin natija yoki tajriba hozir muhimmi? (already, just, yet, ever, never) → Present Perfect: I’ve lost my phone (hozir telefon yo‘q).
3. Harakat o‘tmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etyaptimi? (...dan beri, for, since) → Present Perfect Continuous yoki holat fe’llari bilan Present Perfect: I’ve been waiting for an hour. I’ve known her since school.
4. O‘tmishdagi boshqa voqea paytida davom etib turgan edimi? (when, while) → Past Continuous (fon) + Past Simple (voqea): I was cooking when she called.
5. O‘tmishdagi boshqa voqeadan oldin tugagan edimi? (before, by the time, already) → Past Perfect: The shop had closed before we arrived.

1 va 2-savol eng ko‘p chalkashlik beradi, chunki o‘zbekcha -di ikkalasiga ham to‘g‘ri keladi. Batafsil: Present Perfect va Past Simple farqi. 4-savolning to‘liq tushuntirishi Past Simple va Past Continuous farqi sahifasida.

Hozir haqida gapiryapsizmi? 3 ta savol

1. Bu odat, doimiy holat, umumiy fakt yoki jadvalmi? (usually, every day, always) → Present Simple: My sister works in a bank.
2. Aynan hozir yoki shu kunlarda vaqtincha bo‘lyaptimi? (now, this week, at the moment, Look!) → Present Continuous: She’s working from home this week.
3. Fe’l holatni bildiradimi? (know, want, like, need, understand, believe, own) → “hozir” ma’nosida ham Present Simple: I understand you now (I’m understanding emas).

Uchinchi savol ikkinchisidan ustun turadi: hozir so‘zi bo‘lsa ham, holat fe’li -ing olmaydi.

Kelajak haqida gapiryapsizmi? 7 ta savol

1. **Gap when, if, before, after, as soon as bo‘lagidami? → kelajak ma’nosida ham Present Simple**: When I get home, I’ll call you. Bu savolni birinchi bering, chunki u qolganlarini bekor qiladi.
2. Qaror hozir, gapirayotgan paytda tug‘ildimi? Yoki bu va’da, taklif, shaxsiy fikrmi? → will: I’ll help you.
3. Reja oldindan tuzilganmi yoki ko‘z oldingizda dalil bormi? → be going to: I’m going to apply for a grant. Look, it’s going to rain.
4. Vaqt va joy boshqa odam bilan kelishilganmi? → Present Continuous: I’m meeting Aziz at six.
5. Rasmiy jadval yoki dastur bo‘yichami? (poyezd, dars, kino) → Present Simple: The train leaves at 7:40.
6. Kelajakdagi aniq paytda jarayon davom etayotgan bo‘ladimi? (this time tomorrow, at 9 tomorrow) → Future Continuous: I’ll be flying.
7. Kelajakdagi muddatgacha tugab bo‘ladimi? (by Friday, by the time) → Future Perfect: I’ll have finished by Friday.

2 va 3-savol orasidagi chegara ko‘pincha nozik. Yigirma juft misol bilan be going to va will farqi sahifasida ko‘rsatilgan.

O‘tmishda aytilgan kelajakni aytib beryapsizmi?

Kimdir o‘tmishda kelajak haqida gapirgan bo‘lsa yoki o‘zingizning bajarilmagan rejangiz bo‘lsa, alohida zanjir:

1. Birovning gapini yoki o‘ylaganini aytib beryapsizmi? (said, thought, knew, promised) → would: He said he would come.
2. Reja bor edi, lekin amalga oshmadimi? → was/were going to: I was going to call you, but…
3. Endi sodir bo‘lay deb turgan paytda nimadir to‘xtatdimi? → was/were about to: I was about to leave when it started raining.

O‘zbekcha qo‘shimcha nimani ko‘rsatadi, nimani ko‘rsatmaydi

Tarjimada eng katta tuzoq — o‘zbekcha qo‘shimchaga qarab zamon tanlash. Qo‘shimcha yo‘l ko‘rsatadi, lekin oxirgi qarorni yuqoridagi savollar beradi:

• -di (oldim, keldi): aniq vaqt bo‘lsa Past Simple, natija hozir muhim bo‘lsa Present Perfect.
• -gan(man) (ko‘rganman): tajriba bo‘lsa Present Perfect (I’ve seen it), hikoyada o‘tgan voqea bo‘lsa Past Simple.
• -yapman + ...dan beri (ikki soatdan beri kutyapman): Present Continuous emas, Present Perfect Continuous.
• -aman (boraman): odat bo‘lsa Present Simple, kelajakdagi qaror bo‘lsa will, reja bo‘lsa going to.
• -ardim (borardim): o‘tmishdagi odat bo‘lsa Past Simple yoki used to; “o‘sha paytda borayotgan edim” ma’nosida Past Continuous.

Hamma zamonlarning formulasi va o‘zbekcha tarjimasi bitta jadvalda kerak bo‘lsa, ingliz tilida zamonlar jadvali sahifasini yonda ochib qo‘ying.

Mashq: 30 ta gapni inglizchaga tarjima qiling

Har bir gap uchun avval zanjirdagi savollarni bering, keyin tarjima qiling. Qavsdagi izoh vaziyatni aniqlashtiradi.

A. O‘tmish

• 1. Kecha Chorsu bozoridan qovun oldim.
• 2. Men Xivada hech bo‘lmaganman.
• 3. Kalitimni yo‘qotib qo‘ydim, uyga kira olmayapman.
• 4. Men bu kompaniyada 2021-yildan beri ishlayman.
• 5. Siz qo‘ng‘iroq qilganingizda men dush qabul qilayotgan edim.
• 6. Kinoga kirganimizda film allaqachon boshlangan edi.
• 7. Bolaligimda har yozni buvimnikida o‘tkazardim.
• 8. Ikki soatdan beri kutyapman, u hali ham kelmadi.
• 9. Xabarimni o‘qidingizmi? (hozir javob kutyapman)
• 10. Opam 2019-yilda universitetni tugatdi.

B. Hozir

• 11. Akam Samarqandda shifokor bo‘lib ishlaydi.
• 12. Jim bo‘linglar, chaqaloq uxlayapti.
• 13. Bu hafta men xolamnikida turyapman.
• 14. Men sizni tushunaman.
• 15. Do‘kon yakshanba kuni ishlamaydi.
• 16. Hozir qayerdasiz? Nima qilyapsiz?
• 17. Narxlar tobora oshyapti.
• 18. Men choyni shakarsiz ichaman.

C. Kelajak

• 19. Telefon jiringlayapti — men olaman.
• 20. Kelasi yil magistraturaga hujjat topshirmoqchiman. (qaror qilingan)
• 21. Ertaga soat oltida Aziz bilan uchrashaman. (kelishib qo‘yganmiz)
• 22. Poyezd ertaga 7:40 da jo‘naydi.
• 23. Anavi bulutlarga qarang! Yomg‘ir yog‘adi.
• 24. Menimcha, u imtihondan o‘tadi.
• 25. Ertaga shu paytda men samolyotda uchayotgan bo‘laman.
• 26. Kechki ovqatgacha uy vazifamni tugatib bo‘laman.
• 27. Uyga yetib borganimda sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
• 28. Ertaga sizni aeroportga olib boraman, va’da beraman.

D. O‘tmishdan qaraganda kelajak

• 29. U ertasi kuni kelishini aytdi.
• 30. Kecha sizga yozmoqchi edim, lekin internet ishlamadi.

Javoblar

A. O‘tmish

• 1. I bought a melon at Chorsu Bazaar yesterday. — Past Simple (1-savol: yesterday).
• 2. I’ve never been to Khiva. — Present Perfect (2-savol: tajriba).
• 3. I’ve lost my key, so I can’t get into the house. — Present Perfect (natija hozir).
• 4. I’ve worked / I’ve been working at this company since 2021. — Present Perfect (Continuous) (3-savol: since). I work here since 2021 — xato.
• 5. I was having a shower when you called. — Past Continuous + Past Simple (4-savol).
• 6. The film had already started when we got into the cinema. — Past Perfect (5-savol).
• 7. When I was a child, I spent every summer at my grandmother’s. — Past Simple (tugagan davr). I used to spend yoki I would spend ham to‘g‘ri.
• 8. I’ve been waiting for two hours and he still hasn’t come. — Present Perfect Continuous + Present Perfect.
• 9. Have you read my message? — Present Perfect (natija hozir muhim). Amerikacha nutqda Did you read…? ham eshitiladi.
• 10. My sister graduated from university in 2019. — Past Simple (aniq yil).

B. Hozir

• 11. My brother works as a doctor in Samarkand. — Present Simple (doimiy ish).
• 12. Be quiet, the baby is sleeping. — Present Continuous (ayni paytda).
• 13. I’m staying at my aunt’s this week. — Present Continuous (vaqtinchalik).
• 14. I understand you. — Present Simple (holat fe’li).
• 15. The shop doesn’t open on Sundays. — Present Simple (jadval, odat).
• 16. Where are you now? What are you doing? — be + Present Continuous.
• 17. Prices are going up. — Present Continuous (o‘zgarib borayotgan jarayon).
• 18. I drink tea without sugar. — Present Simple (odat).

C. Kelajak

• 19. The phone’s ringing — I’ll get it. — will (hozirgi qaror).
• 20. I’m going to apply for a master’s programme next year. — be going to (reja).
• 21. I’m meeting Aziz at six tomorrow. — Present Continuous (kelishilgan uchrashuv).
• 22. The train leaves at 7:40 tomorrow. — Present Simple (jadval).
• 23. Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. — be going to (dalil).
• 24. I think she’ll pass the exam. — will (shaxsiy fikr).
• 25. This time tomorrow I’ll be flying. — Future Continuous (aniq paytda jarayon).
• 26. I’ll have finished my homework by dinner. — Future Perfect (by + muddat).
• 27. I’ll call you when I get home. — when bo‘lagida Present Simple (kelajak zanjirining 1-savoli).
• 28. I’ll take you to the airport tomorrow, I promise. — will (va’da).

D. O‘tmishdan qaraganda kelajak

• 29. He / She said he / she would come the next day. — would (ko‘chirma gap; tomorrow → the next day).
• 30. I was going to write to you yesterday, but the internet wasn’t working. — was going to (bajarilmagan reja).

25 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, zanjir ishlayapti. Xato qilgan gaplaringizni qaytadan zanjir orqali o‘tkazing va qaysi savolda adashganingizni yozib qo‘ying: odatda xato bitta joyda takrorlanadi. Zamonlar orasidagi umumiy mantiqni takrorlash uchun 12 tenses in English uzbekcha sahifasiga qayting.

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