Ingliz tilida ish-harakat qanday bajarilganini aytish uchun sifatga -ly qo‘shiladi: slow → slowly, careful → carefully, quiet → quietly. Sifat otni tasvirlaydi (a slow bus), ravish esa fe’lni (The bus moves slowly). Bir nechta so‘z -ly olmaydi: fast, hard, late, early o‘zgarmaydi, good esa well bo‘ladi.
Hoziroq ikki gap ayting: My brother is a careful driver. He drives carefully. Birinchisida sifat ot oldida, ikkinchisida ravish fe’ldan keyin. Qoidaning yarmini bajardingiz.
Nega o‘zbek o‘quvchisi -ly ni tashlab ketadi
O‘zbek tilida ko‘p sifat hech qanday qo‘shimchasiz ravish vazifasini bajaradi: tez mashina va tez yugurdi, yaxshi odam va yaxshi gapiradi. So‘z bir xil qoladi. Shuning uchun inglizchada ham He runs quick yoki She speaks English good deyish tabiiy tuyuladi.
O‘zbek tilida ravish yasovchi qo‘shimchalar ham bor, lekin ular kam ishlatiladi va boshqa ma’no beradi:
| O‘zbekcha qo‘shimcha | Misol | Inglizcha |
|---|---|---|
| -cha | o‘zbekcha, bolalarcha | in Uzbek, childishly |
| -larcha | qahramonlarcha | heroically |
| -ona | do‘stona, samimona | in a friendly way, sincerely |
| -lab | oylab, yillab | for months, for years |
| qo‘shimchasiz | tez, sekin, yaxshi | quickly, slowly, well |
Ingliz tilida esa -ly deyarli majburiy: fe’lni tasvirlayotgan bo‘lsangiz, sifat emas, ravish kerak.
- Noto‘g‘ri: Please speak slow, I don’t understand.
- To‘g‘ri: Please speak slowly, I don’t understand.
Imlo: sifatning oxiriga qarang
Ko‘p so‘zga shunchaki -ly qo‘shiladi. Lekin oxirgi harfga qarab besh xil o‘zgarish bor. Jadvalni bir marta yozib chiqing, keyin ko‘z o‘zi tanib oladi.
| Sifat oxiri | Qoida | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| oddiy holat | + ly | quick → quickly, bad → badly, polite → politely, nice → nicely |
| -y (undoshdan keyin) | y → i + ly | happy → happily, easy → easily, lucky → luckily, angry → angrily |
| -le | e tushadi, + y | simple → simply, terrible → terribly, possible → possibly, gentle → gently |
| -ic | + ally | basic → basically, automatic → automatically, tragic → tragically |
| -ll | + y | full → fully, dull → dully |
| -ful | + ly (ikki l) | careful → carefully, beautiful → beautifully |
E’tibor bering: careful ga -ly qo‘shilganda ikkita l hosil bo‘ladi: carefully. Bu so‘zni imtihonlarda ko‘pincha carefuly deb xato yozishadi.
Yodda tutadigan istisnolar kam: true → truly (e tushadi), whole → wholly, public → publicly (-ally emas), shy → shyly (y o‘zgarmaydi).
-ly olmaydigan so‘zlar: fast, hard, late, early va well
Bu so‘zlar sifat ham, ravish ham bo‘lib, shakli o‘zgarmaydi. Ularga -ly qo‘shsangiz, yo so‘z mavjud bo‘lmaydi, yo boshqa ma’noli so‘z chiqadi.
| So‘z | Sifat sifatida | Ravish sifatida |
|---|---|---|
| fast | a fast train — tez poyezd | The train goes fast. — tez yuradi |
| hard | a hard exam — qiyin imtihon | She works hard. — qattiq ishlaydi |
| late | a late dinner — kechki ovqat | He got up late. — kech turdi |
| early | an early flight — erta reys | We left early. — erta chiqdik |
| high | a high wall — baland devor | The plane flew high. — baland uchdi |
| straight | a straight road — to‘g‘ri yo‘l | Go straight home. — to‘g‘ri uyga bor |
| daily | a daily lesson — kundalik dars | I practise daily. — har kuni |
| good / well | a good singer | She sings well. |
Fastly degan so‘z yo‘q. Speaks good English to‘g‘ri (bu yerda good ot oldidagi sifat), lekin speaks English good noto‘g‘ri, speaks English well bo‘ladi.
Well bir holatda sifat ham bo‘ladi: sog‘liq haqida. How are you? — I’m well, thanks. Bu “o‘zimni yaxshi his qilyapman” degani.
-ly bilan tugaydigan, lekin ravish bo‘lmagan sifatlar
Ba’zi so‘zlar allaqachon -ly bilan tugaydi, ammo ular sifat: friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, silly, ugly. Ulardan friendlily kabi ravish yasalmaydi. Buning o‘rniga in a … way ishlatiladi:
- She smiled at me in a friendly way. — U menga do‘stona jilmaydi.
- He answered in a silly way. — U bema’ni tarzda javob berdi.
Daily, weekly, monthly esa ikkala vazifada ham keladi: a weekly meeting va We meet weekly.
Bitta -ly ma’noni butunlay o‘zgartiradi: hard va hardly
Eng xavfli juftliklar shu yerda. -ly qo‘shilgan shakl oddiy ravish emas, alohida so‘z.
| Gap | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| I worked hard yesterday. | Kecha qattiq ishladim. |
| I hardly worked yesterday. | Kecha deyarli ishlamadim. |
| He came home late. | U uyga kech keldi. |
| He has been tired lately. | U so‘nggi paytda charchab yuribdi. |
| The shop is near. | Do‘kon yaqin. |
| I nearly missed the bus. | Avtobusga sal qolsa ulgurmay qolardim. |
| The bird flew high. | Qush baland uchdi. |
| This book is highly recommended. | Bu kitob juda tavsiya qilinadi. |
| She cut her hair short. | U sochini kalta qildirdi. |
| The doctor will see you shortly. | Shifokor tez orada qabul qiladi. |
| Children under five travel free. | Besh yoshgacha bolalar tekin yuradi. |
| You can speak freely here. | Bu yerda erkin gapirishingiz mumkin. |
Hardly ning ma’nosi inkor, shuning uchun uning yonida not ishlatilmaydi. I can’t hardly hear you xato; to‘g‘risi: I can hardly hear you — sizni zo‘rg‘a eshityapman. Hardly ko‘pincha any, ever, anyone bilan keladi: Hardly anyone came to the meeting — yig‘ilishga deyarli hech kim kelmadi. I hardly ever eat fast food — fast foodni deyarli hech qachon yemayman.
Lately esa ko‘pincha present perfect bilan keladi: Have you seen Aziz lately? — Yaqinda Azizni ko‘rdingizmi?
Look, feel, taste: bu fe’llardan keyin sifat qoladi
Holatni bildiruvchi fe’llardan keyin ravish emas, sifat keladi: be, look, feel, seem, sound, smell, taste, become. Chunki bu yerda harakat emas, egani tasvirlayapsiz.
- You look tired. — Charchagan ko‘rinasiz. (tiredly emas)
- The plov smells delicious. — Osh mazali hid taratyapti.
- I feel bad about it. — Bundan o‘zimni yomon his qilyapman. (badly emas)
Lekin look harakat bo‘lsa (“qaramoq”), ravish keladi: She looked angrily at me — U menga jahl bilan qaradi. Solishtiring: She looked angry — U jahldor ko‘rinardi.
Ravish gapda qayerda turadi
O‘zbekchada ravish fe’ldan oldin keladi: U ingliz tilida yaxshi gapiradi. Inglizchada tarz ravishi odatda fe’l va to‘ldiruvchidan keyin turadi. Fe’l bilan to‘ldiruvchi orasiga qo‘yilmaydi.
- Noto‘g‘ri: She speaks well English.
- To‘g‘ri: She speaks English well.
- Noto‘g‘ri: He opened carefully the box.
- To‘g‘ri: He opened the box carefully. yoki He carefully opened the box.
Tez-tezlik ravishlari (always, often, never) boshqacha joylashadi, ular haqida chastota ravishlari sahifasida yozilgan. Gapdagi so‘z tartibining umumiy qoidalari esa ingliz tilida so‘z tartibi qo‘llanmasida.
Dialog: haydovchilik imtihonidan keyin
Nodira: How was your driving test? Did you pass?
Jasur: Yes, finally! I was nervous, but I drove slowly and carefully.
Nodira: Well done! Was the examiner strict?
Jasur: Very. He hardly said a word. He just wrote quickly in his notebook.
Nodira: That sounds scary. Did you park well?
Jasur: Almost. I nearly hit the wall, but I stopped just in time. Luckily, he didn’t notice.
Dialogdagi ravishlarni sanang: slowly, carefully, hardly, quickly, well, nearly, luckily. Hardly said a word — “deyarli bir og‘iz ham gapirmadi”, nearly hit — “sal qolsa urib olardim”. Luckily esa butun gapga baho beradi: “baxtimga”.
Mashq: 14 ta gap
A. Qavsdagi sifatdan ravish yasang yoki sifatni o‘zgartirmang.
- 1. Please drive ______ (careful). The road is wet.
- 2. She answered all the questions ______ (easy).
- 3. My grandfather walks very ______ (slow).
- 4. Our teacher explains grammar ______ (good).
- 5. The children played ______ (happy) in the yard.
- 6. This soup tastes ______ (wonderful).
- 7. The metro in Tashkent runs ______ (fast) in the morning.
- 8. We got to the wedding ______ (late) because of the traffic.
B. Hard/hardly, late/lately, near/nearly — to‘g‘risini tanlang.
- 9. I was so tired that I could ______ keep my eyes open.
- 10. Have you read any good books ______?
- 11. Rustam studies ______ every evening. He wants a grant.
- 12. It’s ______ midnight. Let’s go to bed.
C. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 13. He speaks very well Russian.
- 14. I can’t hardly understand this text.
Javoblar
1 — carefully; 2 — easily; 3 — slowly; 4 — well; 5 — happily; 6 — wonderful; 7 — fast; 8 — late; 9 — hardly; 10 — lately; 11 — hard; 12 — nearly.
13 — He speaks Russian very well. 14 — I can hardly understand this text.
Izohlar:
- 1-gap: careful + ly = ikkita l: carefully.
- 2 va 5-gaplar: undoshdan keyingi y → i: easily, happily.
- 4-gap: good ning ravishi well; explains good xato.
- 6-gap: taste holat fe’li, undan keyin sifat qoladi: tastes wonderful.
- 7 va 8-gaplar: fast va late ravish bo‘lganda ham o‘zgarmaydi. Lately “so‘nggi paytda” degani, bu yerga mos emas.
- 9-gap: hardly = “zo‘rg‘a, deyarli … emas”.
- 11-gap: “qattiq o‘qiydi” — hard. Studies hardly “deyarli o‘qimaydi” bo‘lib qolardi.
- 13-gap: ravish fe’l va to‘ldiruvchi orasiga qo‘yilmaydi.
- 14-gap: hardly o‘zi inkor ma’noli, can’t bilan ishlatilmaydi.
Ravishlarni taqqoslashda ham o‘zgartirish mumkin: faster, more carefully, better. Bu haqda sifat darajalari va good, better, best sahifalarida o‘qing.
Gapirganda -ly ni eslab qolish: Bandi bilan mashq
Yozganda -ly ni qo‘yish oson, gapirganda esa tushib qoladi: fikr tez yuguradi, qo‘shimcha esa kechikadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan kuningiz, ishingiz yoki sevimli mashg‘ulotingiz haqida so‘raydi; javobingizda good o‘rniga well yoki quick o‘rniga quickly kerak bo‘lsa, ilova xatoni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun o‘zingiz haqida uchta gap ayting: nimani tez qilasiz, nimani sekin qilasiz, nimani yaxshi qilasiz.
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