Ko‘pchilik sifat -er / -est yoki more / most bilan darajalanadi, lekin eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan bir nechtasi butunlay boshqa so‘zga aylanadi: good → better → the best, bad → worse → the worst, far → further → the furthest. Ularga -er qo‘shib bo‘lmaydi: gooder, badder degan so‘z yo‘q, more good ham noto‘g‘ri.
Ro‘yxat qisqa: 7–8 ta so‘z. Lekin ular kundalik nutqda shunchalik tez-tez uchraydiki, bir marta yaxshilab yodlab olsangiz, xatolaringizning katta qismi yo‘qoladi.
Yodlanadigan jadval
| Oddiy daraja | Qiyosiy (-roq) | Orttirma (eng) | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (sifat) / well (ravish) | better | the best | yaxshi / yaxshiroq / eng yaxshi |
| bad (sifat) / badly (ravish) | worse | the worst | yomon / yomonroq / eng yomon |
| far | farther / further | the farthest / the furthest | uzoq / uzoqroq / eng uzoq |
| little (miqdor) | less | the least | kam / kamroq / eng kam |
| much (sanalmaydigan) | more | the most | ko‘p / ko‘proq / eng ko‘p |
| many (sanaladigan) | more | the most | ko‘p / ko‘proq / eng ko‘p |
| old | older / elder | the oldest / the eldest | keksa, katta / kattaroq / eng katta |
Bir narsaga e’tibor bering: good va well ikki xil so‘z, lekin qiyosiy darajada ikkalasi ham better bo‘ladi. Bad va badly ham xuddi shunday — ikkalasi worse. Demak, qiyosiy darajada sifat va ravish farqi yo‘qoladi.
Good va well: bir xil daraja, turli vazifa
Good — sifat, ot haqida gapiradi: a good teacher, good food. Well — ravish, fe’l qanday bajarilishini aytadi: She teaches well. He cooks well.
| Sifat (ot bilan) | Ravish (fe’l bilan) |
|---|---|
| Her English is good. — Ingliz tili yaxshi. | She speaks English well. — Inglizchani yaxshi gapiradi. |
| Her English is better than mine. | She speaks English better than me. |
| She has the best English in our group. | She speaks English the best in our group. |
Tuzoq: I feel good ham, I feel well ham to‘g‘ri, lekin ma’nosi biroz farq qiladi. I feel well ko‘pincha “sog‘man, kasal emasman”, I feel good esa “kayfiyatim yaxshi”. Kasallikdan keyin I feel better now — “endi o‘zimni yaxshiroq his qilyapman”.
Ravishlar qanday yasalishini ravish yasash: -ly sahifasida ko‘ring: quick → quickly, lekin good → well.
Worse yoki worst: bitta harf, katta farq
Worse — qiyosiy, than bilan keladi. Worst — orttirma, the bilan keladi.
- The traffic is worse today than yesterday. — Bugun tirbandlik kechagidan yomonroq.
- Monday morning is the worst time to drive in the city. — Dushanba ertalab shaharda mashina haydash uchun eng yomon vaqt.
- My cough got worse at night. — Kechasi yo‘talim kuchaydi.
Talaffuzda farq faqat oxirgi t da: worse /wɜːs/, worst /wɜːst/. O‘zbek tilida so‘z oxiridagi ikki undoshdan biri ko‘pincha tushib qoladi, shuning uchun the worst ni the worse deb aytib yuborish oson. Oxirgi t ni aniq ayting.
Further va farther: masofa va “qo‘shimcha”
Masofa haqida gapirganda ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri: My school is farther / further than yours. Amerika ingliz tilida farther ko‘proq, Britaniyada further ko‘proq uchraydi.
Ma’no “qo‘shimcha, yana, keyingi” bo‘lsa, faqat further ishlatiladi:
- For further information, call this number. — Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot uchun shu raqamga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
- She wants to continue her further education in Korea. — Keyingi ta’limini Koreyada davom ettirmoqchi.
- We have no further questions. — Boshqa savolimiz yo‘q.
Oddiy qoida: ikkilansangiz, further deng — u ikkala ma’noda ham to‘g‘ri.
Elder va older: oilada va umuman
Older / the oldest — hamma joyda: odam, bino, shahar, mashina. Elder / the eldest — asosan oila a’zolari haqida va faqat ot oldida.
| Holat | To‘g‘ri | Noto‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|
| Oila a’zosi, ot oldida | my elder sister, my older sister | — |
| than bilan solishtirish | She is three years older than me. | She is elder than me. |
| Farzandlar orasida eng katta | the eldest son, the oldest son | — |
| Narsa yoki joy | the oldest madrasa in Khiva | the eldest madrasa |
O‘zbek oilasida “akam, opam” ko‘p ishlatiladi, shuning uchun elder brother qulay tuyuladi. Lekin than dan oldin faqat older. Gapda elder dan keyin to‘xtab qolsangiz (My sister is elder), bu ham xato: My sister is older.
Little, much, many: less, more, the least
Much va many ikkalasi ham more / the most bo‘ladi:
- I have more free time this month. — Bu oy bo‘sh vaqtim ko‘proq (time sanalmaydi).
- There are more students in our group this year. — Bu yil guruhimizda talaba ko‘proq (students sanaladi).
Little (miqdor) → less → the least, faqat sanalmaydigan ot bilan: less sugar, less noise. Sanaladigan otda fewer kerak: fewer mistakes. Bu farq few, little, a few, a little sahifasida batafsil.
The least ko‘pincha sifat bilan ham keladi va “eng kam darajada” degani: This is the least expensive room. — Bu eng arzon xona (so‘zma-so‘z: eng kam qimmat).
Much, many, a lot of ning oddiy darajadagi qoidalari much, many va a lot of maqolasida.
Ravishlarning darajasi: better, harder, more carefully
Ravishlar ham darajalanadi, qoidasi sifatlarga o‘xshaydi:
| Ravish | Qiyosiy | Orttirma | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| well | better | best | He plays the dutor better than his teacher. |
| badly | worse | worst | I did worse in the second test. |
| hard | harder | hardest | She works harder than anyone in the office. |
| fast | faster | fastest | Who can run the fastest? |
| early | earlier | earliest | Can we meet earlier? |
| carefully | more carefully | most carefully | Please drive more carefully. |
Hard, fast, early, late ravish bo‘lganda ham -ly olmaydi va -er bilan darajalanadi. -ly bilan tugagan ravishlar esa more / most oladi: more slowly, more quietly. Slowlier degan so‘z yo‘q.
Osh markazida: qaysi biri yaxshiroq
Ikki do‘st, Sardor va Aziz, tushlikda qayerga borishni tanlashyapti.
Sardor: Let’s go to the osh centre near the TV tower. People say it has the best plov in the city.
Aziz: It’s good, but it’s further from here. And the queue is always worse at lunchtime.
Sardor: The place next to our office is closer, but the plov there is much worse.
Aziz: Really? I think it’s better than last year. They use less oil now.
Sardor: Maybe. But I ate there last week, and it was the worst lunch of the month.
Aziz: OK, OK. The TV tower one, then. But you drive. You know the way better than me.
Sardor: Fine. The earlier we leave, the less we wait.
Dialogdagi noto‘g‘ri shakllarni toping: the best, further, worse, much worse, better, less, the worst, better, less. Qaysi biri sifat, qaysi biri ravish vazifasida kelganini ajrating (know the way better — ravish).
Gooder va more better: noto‘g‘ri sifatlardagi xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| This version is more good. | This version is better. | good → better |
| It’s the most worst hotel. | It’s the worst hotel. | worst ning o‘zi “eng” |
| He speaks English very good. | He speaks English very well. | fe’l bilan ravish |
| My English is more well now. | My English is better now. | well → better |
| My sister is elder than me. | My sister is older than me. | than bilan older |
| Bukhara is more far than Samarkand. | Bukhara is further than Samarkand. | far → further |
| There were less people today. | There were fewer people today. | sanaladigan ot — fewer |
| I want to know farther details. | I want to know further details. | “qo‘shimcha” — faqat further |
Ushbu so‘zlar oddiy qoidaga bo‘ysunadigan sifatlar bilan birga sifat darajalari sahifasida jamlangan.
Mashq: 14 ta savol
A. To‘g‘ri shaklni yozing.
- 1. This is (good) ______ film I’ve seen this year.
- 2. My headache is (bad) ______ than this morning.
- 3. She sings (well) ______ than her sister.
- 4. Nukus is (far) ______ from Tashkent than Bukhara.
- 5. I want to spend (little) ______ money on taxis.
- 6. Who is (old) ______ child in your family? (oila)
- 7. It was (bad) ______ exam of my life.
- 8. You need to practise (much) ______.
B. To‘g‘ri variantni tanlang.
- 9. Please contact us for (farther / further) help.
- 10. My (elder / older) brother lives in Seoul.
- 11. Rustam is two years (elder / older) than me.
- 12. He did (worse / worst) than me in the test.
C. Xatoni tuzating.
- 13. She cooks more good than me.
- 14. That was the most best day of the trip.
Javoblar
- 1. the best — orttirma, the bilan.
- 2. worse — than bor, qiyosiy.
- 3. better — well ravish, qiyosiy shakli ham better.
- 4. farther yoki further — masofa, ikkalasi to‘g‘ri.
- 5. less — money sanalmaydi.
- 6. the eldest yoki the oldest — oila ichida ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.
- 7. the worst — orttirma.
- 8. more — much → more.
- 9. further — “qo‘shimcha” ma’nosi.
- 10. ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri — oila a’zosi, ot oldida.
- 11. older — than bilan faqat older.
- 12. worse — than bilan qiyosiy.
- 13. She cooks better than me. — fe’l bilan ravish, qiyosiy shakli better.
- 14. That was the best day of the trip. — most ortiqcha.
Aralash qoidalar bilan ko‘proq topshiriq sifat darajalari mashqlari sahifasida.
Better va the best ni suhbatda ishlatib ko‘ring
Bu so‘zlar yozuvda oson, lekin tez gapirganda more better yoki the worse beixtiyor chiqib ketadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda sevimli joylaringiz, eng yaxshi va eng yomon kunlaringiz haqida gapirasiz, ilova xatolarni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun uchta gap ayting: bu haftaning eng yaxshi kuni, eng yomon lahzasi va o‘tgan yilga nisbatan nimada yaxshiroq bo‘lganingiz.
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