Few, little, a few, a little: ma’no farqi va misollar

A few va a little — “ozgina, bir nechta, yetarlicha bor” degan ijobiy ma’no: I have a few friends in Tashkent — Toshkentda bir nechta do‘stim bor (yolg‘iz emasman). Few va little (a siz) — “kam, deyarli yo‘q” degan salbiy ma’no: I have few friends in Tashkent — Toshkentda do‘stim kam (yolg‘izman).

Qaysi otga qaysi biri: few / a few — sanaladigan ko‘plik ot bilan (a few eggs, few people), little / a little — sanalmaydigan ot bilan (a little salt, little time). Demak ikki savol beriladi: ot sanaladimi va gapning ohangi ijobiymi yoki salbiymi.

To‘rt so‘z bitta jadvalda

	Sanaladigan (coins, friends)	Sanalmaydigan (money, time)
Ijobiy: “bir nechta, ozgina bor”	a few coins — bir nechta tanga	a little money — ozgina pul
Salbiy: “kam, yetmaydi”	few friends — do‘st kam	little time — vaqt kam

Farqni eslab qolishning oddiy yo‘li: a harfi stakanni yarim to‘la ko‘rsatadi, a yo‘qligi esa yarim bo‘sh. Miqdor bir xil bo‘lishi mumkin, gapiruvchining munosabati farq qiladi.

Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otni ajratish qiyin bo‘lsa, sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar sahifasidagi tuzoq so‘zlar ro‘yxatini ko‘ring: advice, information, money sanalmaydi, shuning uchun a little advice deyiladi.

Bitta a ma’noni o‘zgartiradi: juft gaplar

Har juftlikda miqdor deyarli bir xil, lekin xulosa teskari.

A bilan (ijobiy)	A siz (salbiy)
A few students came to the lesson, so we started. — Bir nechta talaba keldi, darsni boshladik.	Few students came to the lesson, so the teacher cancelled it. — Talaba kam keldi, o‘qituvchi darsni bekor qildi.
We have a little time before the train. Let’s have tea. — Poyezdgacha ozgina vaqt bor, choy ichaylik.	We have little time before the train. Hurry up! — Poyezdgacha vaqt kam, shoshiling!
He speaks a little Korean. — Ozgina koreyscha gapiradi (tushuntira oladi).	He speaks little Korean. — Koreyschani deyarli bilmaydi.
I’ve got a few questions about the contract. — Shartnoma bo‘yicha bir-ikki savolim bor.	Few people read the contract carefully. — Shartnomani diqqat bilan o‘qiydiganlar kam.
There’s a little milk left. Enough for your tea. — Ozgina sut qoldi, choyingizga yetadi.	There’s little milk left. We need to buy some. — Sut kam qoldi, olish kerak.

Ikkinchi ustundagi gaplar biroz rasmiy eshitiladi. Kundalik suhbatda “kam” ma’nosi ko‘pincha not many / not much yoki very few / very little bilan aytiladi: Not many students came. We don’t have much time. There’s very little milk left. Oddiy few va little ko‘proq yozma matnda, yangiliklarda va rasmiy nutqda uchraydi.

Quite a few, only a few, very little: kundalik iboralar

Ibora	Ma’nosi	Misol
quite a few	ancha ko‘p (!)	Quite a few of my classmates now study in Korea. — Sinfdoshlarimdan ancha ko‘pi Koreyada o‘qiyapti.
quite a little	deyarli ishlatilmaydi, quite a lot of deyiladi	She earns quite a lot of money.
only a few / only a little	faqat bir nechta, xolos	Only a few tickets are left. — Bir nechtagina chipta qoldi.
very few / very little	juda kam	Very few shops are open after midnight.
a little bit (of)	ozgina (og‘zaki)	Can I have a little bit of sugar?
fewer / less	kamroq	fewer cars, less traffic

Quite a few eng ko‘p chalg‘itadigan ibora: so‘zma-so‘z “ancha oz” bo‘lib ko‘rinadi, lekin ma’nosi aksincha, “ancha ko‘p”. Fewer sanaladigan, less sanalmaydigan ot bilan: fewer people, less money. Og‘zaki nutqda less people ham eshitiladi, lekin imtihon va yozma ishda fewer ni tanlang.

A little otsiz: sifat va fe’l bilan

A little faqat ot bilan emas, sifat va fe’l bilan ham keladi va “biroz, sal” ma’nosini beradi:

I’m a little tired today. — Bugun sal charchadim.
This jacket is a little expensive for me. — Bu kurtka men uchun biroz qimmat.
I slept a little on the bus. — Avtobusda biroz uxladim.
Can you speak a little slower, please? — Sal sekinroq gapira olasizmi?

Tuzoq: little sifat sifatida “kichkina” ma’nosini ham beradi: a little girl — kichkina qiz, a little house — kichkina uy. Bu miqdor emas. Farqni ortidagi ot aniqlaydi: a little milk (ozgina sut, sanalmaydi) va a little cup (kichkina piyola, sanaladi).

Rasmlarda: ozgina va bir nechta

I put a little money in my piggy bank every week. — Har hafta cho‘chqachamga ozgina pul solaman. — **I put a little money in my piggy bank every week.**Har hafta cho‘chqachamga ozgina pul solaman.

He puts a few coins on the counter. — U peshtaxtaga bir nechta tanga qo‘ydi. — **He puts a few coins on the counter.**U peshtaxtaga bir nechta tanga qo‘ydi.

Just a little sugar in my tea, please. — Choyimga ozgina novvot, iltimos. — **Just a little sugar in my tea, please.**Choyimga ozgina novvot, iltimos.

The soup needs a little salt. — Sho‘rvaga ozgina tuz kerak. — **The soup needs a little salt.**Sho‘rvaga ozgina tuz kerak.

We have a few eggs left. — Bir nechta tuxum qoldi. — **We have a few eggs left.**Bir nechta tuxum qoldi.

Add a few onions. — Bir nechta piyoz soling. — **Add a few onions.**Bir nechta piyoz soling.

Yotoqxona oshxonasida: dialog

Talabalar Otabek va Sherzod kechki ovqat uchun nima borligini tekshirishyapti.

Otabek: What can we cook tonight? Is there any rice?

Sherzod: Only a little. Maybe two cups.

Otabek: That’s enough for us. What about vegetables?

Sherzod: We’ve got a few potatoes and a few carrots. But there’s very little oil.

Otabek: Hmm. And we have little money until Friday.

Sherzod: Don’t worry, I still have a little cash. Let’s buy a small bottle of oil.

Otabek: OK. But hurry, few shops stay open after eleven here.

Sherzod: Quite a few are open, actually. The one next to the metro works all night.

Dialogda only a little, a few, very little, little money, a little cash, few shops, quite a few bor. Har birini “ijobiy” yoki “salbiy” deb belgilang, keyin few shops bilan quite a few qanday bahs yaratganiga e’tibor bering.

A few money yoki a little friends: sanash xatolari

Noto‘g‘ri	To‘g‘ri	Sababi
I have a few money.	I have a little money.	money sanalmaydi
She has a little friends here.	She has a few friends here.	friends sanaladi
He speaks few English.	He speaks a little English.	til nomi sanalmaydi
I have few time today.	I have little time / I don’t have much time today.	time sanalmaydi
Give me a few water, please.	Give me a little water, please.	water sanalmaydi
I’m few tired.	I’m a little tired.	sifat bilan a little
There are less cars on Sunday.	There are fewer cars on Sunday.	sanaladigan — fewer

O‘zbekchada “ozgina” va “bir nechta” turli so‘zlar, shuning uchun farq tabiiy tuyuladi. Muammo a ni tashlab ketishda: o‘zbek tilida artikl yo‘q, shuning uchun a few dagi a ortiqcha bo‘lib ko‘rinadi. Aslida aynan o‘sha a ma’noni saqlaydi.

Mashq: 14 ta savol

A. Few, a few, little yoki a little qo‘ying.

1. Can I ask you ______ questions about your job?
2. Hurry up! We have very ______ time.
3. There’s ______ bread left. Enough for breakfast.
4. The village is quiet. ______ tourists go there.
5. My grandma speaks ______ Russian, so she can talk to the doctor.
6. I’ve saved ______ money, so I can buy the headphones.
7. It’s a hard exam. ______ people get the top score.
8. Add ______ salt and stir.

B. Ma’nosini tanlang.

9. Quite a few people came. — a) juda kam odam keldi; b) ancha ko‘p odam keldi.
10. He has little experience. — a) tajribasi yetarli; b) tajribasi kam.

C. Xatoni tuzating.

11. I need a few information about the course.
12. There were less students than last year.
13. She is few nervous before the interview.
14. We have a little eggs, so let’s make an omelette.

Javoblar

1. a few — questions sanaladi, ijobiy (bir-ikki savol).
2. little — very little time, salbiy: vaqt juda kam.
3. a little — bread sanalmaydi, “yetadi” — ijobiy.
4. Few — tourists sanaladi, salbiy: kam boradi. (Og‘zakida Not many tourists ham to‘g‘ri.)
5. a little — til sanalmaydi; gapira oladi — ijobiy.
6. a little — money sanalmaydi, yetarli — ijobiy.
7. Few — salbiy: kam odam oladi.
8. a little — salt sanalmaydi, retseptda ijobiy ma’no.
9. b) — quite a few = ancha ko‘p.
10. b) — a siz little salbiy.
11. I need some / a little information about the course. — information sanalmaydi.
12. There were fewer students than last year. — students sanaladi.
13. She is a little nervous before the interview. — sifat bilan a little.
14. We have a few eggs… — eggs sanaladi.

Ko‘p miqdor bilan bog‘liq qoidalar much, many va a lot of sahifasida; aralash topshiriqlar esa much va many mashqlari da.

Ozgina va kam: Bandi bilan gapirib mustahkamlash

Bu farq yozuvdan ko‘ra ko‘proq ohangda seziladi: a few deganda odam xotirjam, few deganda afsuslanadi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda kuningiz, pulingiz va vaqtingiz haqida gapirasiz, darslarda qoidalar o‘zbekcha izohlanadi. Bugungi vazifa: shu hafta haqida to‘rtta gap ayting, har biriga to‘rt so‘zdan birini ishlating. Masalan: I had a little free time on Tuesday. Few of my friends were online.

BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling