Ingliz tilida sifatning uchta darajasi bor: oddiy (cheap — arzon), qiyosiy (cheaper — arzonroq) va orttirma (the cheapest — eng arzon). Qisqa sifatga -er / -est qo‘shiladi, uzun sifat oldiga more / the most qo‘yiladi. Solishtirganda o‘zbekcha “-dan” o‘rniga than keladi, orttirma daraja oldida esa deyarli doim the turadi: My flat is cheaper than yours. It’s the cheapest flat in our building.
O‘zbekcha bilan bog‘lab eslash oson: -roq = -er / more, eng = the -est / the most. Farq shundaki, o‘zbekchada qo‘shimcha doim bir xil, inglizchada esa so‘zning uzunligiga qarab tanlanadi.
Qisqa yoki uzun: bo‘g‘in sanab tanlash
| Sifat turi | Qiyosiy | Orttirma | Misollar |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 bo‘g‘in | -er | the -est | warm → warmer → the warmest |
| 2 bo‘g‘in, -y bilan tugaydi | -ier | the -iest | busy → busier → the busiest |
| 2 bo‘g‘in, boshqalar | more | the most | modern → more modern → the most modern |
| 3 va undan ko‘p bo‘g‘in | more | the most | comfortable → more comfortable → the most comfortable |
| -ed bilan tugaydigan (hatto 1 bo‘g‘in) | more | the most | tired → more tired, bored → more bored |
Bo‘g‘in — unli tovushlar soni: cheap (1), mo-dern (2), ex-pen-sive (3). Yozuvdagi harf emas, eshitiladigan tovush hisoblanadi: large bitta bo‘g‘in, oxiridagi e o‘qilmaydi.
Ba’zi ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlar ikkala yo‘lni ham qabul qiladi: narrow → narrower / more narrow, gentle → gentler / more gentle, common → commoner / more common. Ikkilansangiz, more ni tanlang: uzun sifatda more xato hisoblanmaydi, -er esa ba’zan xato bo‘ladi (modern-er yo‘q).
Fun bir bo‘g‘inli bo‘lsa ham ko‘pincha more fun deyiladi: Football is more fun than chess. Real, right, wrong ham more bilan keladi.
Imlo: bigger, nicer, easier
Qisqa sifatga -er qo‘shganda harflar o‘zgarishi mumkin. Aynan shu joyda yozma ishda eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladi.
| Qoida | Qachon | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| Shunchaki -er / -est | ko‘pchilik qisqa sifatlar | long → longer → longest, clean → cleaner |
| Faqat -r / -st | oxiri -e bilan tugasa | safe → safer → safest, wide → wider, large → larger |
| Undoshni ikkilantirish | undosh + bitta unli + undosh | big → bigger, hot → hotter, thin → thinner, sad → sadder, wet → wetter |
| -y → -ier / -iest | undosh + y | easy → easier, heavy → heavier, dry → drier, early → earlier |
| Ikkilanmaydi | oxiri w, x, y bilan yoki ikki unli | new → newer, slow → slower, cheap → cheaper, grey → greyer |
Tekshirish usuli: so‘zning oxirgi uch harfiga qarang. h-o-t — undosh, unli, undosh, demak hotter. c-h-e-a-p da ikkita unli ketma-ket (ea), shuning uchun cheaper, cheapper emas.
Than, the va “ancha”: sifat atrofidagi so‘zlar
Than — qiyosiy darajadan keyin, kim yoki nima bilan solishtirilayotganini ko‘rsatadi:
- Life in Andijan is cheaper than life in Tashkent. — Andijonda hayot Toshkentdagidan arzonroq.
- My brother is taller than me. — Akam mendan baland.
- This year’s exam was easier than last year’s. — Bu yilgi imtihon o‘tgan yilgidan osonroq bo‘ldi.
Og‘zaki nutqda than me, than him deyiladi. Than I am ham to‘g‘ri; gapni faqat than I bilan tugatish esa juda rasmiy eshitiladi.
The — orttirma daraja oldida, chunki “eng” bittagina bo‘ladi: the best, the most famous. Joy yoki guruh in bilan, ko‘plik yoki davr of bilan keladi:
- It’s the oldest mosque in our town. — Bu shahrimizdagi eng eski masjid.
- He’s the youngest of five children. — U besh farzandning eng kichigi.
- July is the hottest month of the year. — Iyul yilning eng issiq oyi.
Kuchaytirish va yumshatish. Qiyosiy darajani very bilan kuchaytirib bo‘lmaydi. “Ancha” uchun much, a lot, far, “sal” uchun a bit, a little, slightly ishlatiladi:
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha |
|---|---|
| ancha qimmatroq | much / a lot / far more expensive |
| sal arzonroq | a bit / a little / slightly cheaper |
| eng yaxshilaridan biri | one of the best (+ ko‘plik ot) |
| tobora issiqroq | hotter and hotter |
| qancha tez bo‘lsa, shuncha yaxshi | the sooner, the better |
Hotter and hotter — “borgan sari issiqroq”; uzun sifatda more and more expensive. The sooner, the better qolipi bilan The more you practise, the easier it gets — qancha ko‘p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha oson bo‘ladi.
Shahar va qishloq: rasmlarda solishtirish
Worse va further — noto‘g‘ri shakllar, ular -er qoidasiga bo‘ysunmaydi. To‘liq ro‘yxat good, better, best va noto‘g‘ri sifatlar sahifasida.
Andijonmi yoki Toshkent: qayerda o‘qish kerak
Jasur Andijondan, universitetga hujjat topshirmoqchi. U Toshkentda o‘qiyotgan opasi Dilnoza bilan gaplashyapti.
Jasur: I can’t decide. Should I study in Andijan or come to Tashkent?
Dilnoza: Well, Tashkent is bigger and busier. There are more universities and more jobs for students.
Jasur: But it’s much more expensive, right?
Dilnoza: Yes. Renting a room here costs a lot more than at home. Food is a bit more expensive too.
Jasur: And the traffic?
Dilnoza: Terrible. The metro is the easiest way to get around, but it’s very crowded in the morning.
Jasur: Andijan is quieter. And Mum’s cooking is the best in the world.
Dilnoza: True! But think about the future. The earlier you start working in a big city, the better.
Jasur: OK. I’ll apply to both and decide later.
Dialogdagi darajalarni sanab chiqing: bigger, busier, more universities, much more expensive, a lot more, a bit more expensive, the easiest, quieter, the best, the earlier… the better. Bir suhbatda deyarli barcha qolip ishlatilgan.
Shahar haqida uzunroq gapirishni mashq qilmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, IELTS Speaking Part 2: shaharni tasvirlash sahifasida tayyor reja bor.
More better va very bigger: -roq ni ikki marta qo‘shish xatolari
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Sababi |
|---|---|---|
| My brother is taller from me. | My brother is taller than me. | “-dan” = than, from emas |
| This phone is more better. | This phone is better. | better ning o‘zi qiyosiy |
| She is the most best student. | She is the best student. | best ning o‘zi orttirma |
| It’s more cheaper here. | It’s cheaper here. | -er va more birga kelmaydi |
| This bag is very bigger. | This bag is much bigger. | qiyosiyda very emas, much |
| He is best player in the team. | He is the best player in the team. | orttirmada the kerak |
| the tallest building of Tashkent | the tallest building in Tashkent | joy bilan in |
| more easy, more busy | easier, busier | 2 bo‘g‘in + -y → -ier |
| the most tired, more tireder | more tired, the most tired | -ed sifatlar faqat more |
Birinchi xato o‘zbekchadan keladi: “mendan baland” so‘zma-so‘z taller from me bo‘lib chiqadi. Keyingi ikkitasi esa “darajani ikki marta belgilash”: more ham, -er ham qo‘shilsa, ma’no kuchaymaydi, faqat xato bo‘ladi.
Mashq: 15 ta savol
A. Qavs ichidagi sifatni qiyosiy yoki orttirma darajaga qo‘ying.
- 1. This street is (quiet) ______ than ours.
- 2. Summer in Termez is (hot) ______ than in Nukus.
- 3. For me, maths is (easy) ______ than chemistry.
- 4. It was (bad) ______ day of my holiday.
- 5. This hotel is (comfortable) ______ than the old one.
- 6. Who is (young) ______ person in your family?
- 7. I feel (tired) ______ today than yesterday.
- 8. The new bridge is much (wide) ______ than the old one.
B. Bo‘sh joyga than, the, in yoki of qo‘ying.
- 9. Bukhara is older ______ many European cities.
- 10. She’s the fastest runner ______ our class.
- 11. It was the happiest day ______ my life.
- 12. This is ______ most interesting book I’ve read this year.
C. Xatoni tuzating.
- 13. My new job is more better than my old job.
- 14. Today is very colder than yesterday.
- 15. He is the most rich man in the village.
Javoblar
- 1. quieter — ikki bo‘g‘inli, lekin quieter ham, more quiet ham ishlatiladi; quieter ko‘proq uchraydi.
- 2. hotter — undosh + unli + undosh, t ikkilanadi.
- 3. easier — undosh + y → -ier.
- 4. the worst — bad noto‘g‘ri: worse, the worst.
- 5. more comfortable — 4 bo‘g‘in.
- 6. the youngest — orttirma, the bilan.
- 7. more tired — -ed bilan tugagan sifat.
- 8. wider — oxiri -e, faqat -r.
- 9. than — qiyosiy darajadan keyin.
- 10. in — sinf joy/guruh sifatida.
- 11. of — of my life qolipi.
- 12. the — orttirma daraja oldida.
- 13. My new job is better than my old job. — more ortiqcha.
- 14. Today is much colder than yesterday. — qiyosiyda very emas.
- 15. He is the richest man in the village. — rich bir bo‘g‘in, -est.
Yana ko‘proq topshiriq sifat darajalari mashqlari sahifasida. Ikki narsa bir xil bo‘lsa, -er emas, as… as kerak: as big as — bu as… as taqqoslash mavzusi.
Ikki shaharni ovoz chiqarib solishtiring
Solishtirish IELTS Speaking va kundalik suhbatda eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan ko‘nikmalardan biri: qaysi telefon, qaysi restoran, qaysi shahar yaxshiroq. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda o‘z shahringizni boshqasi bilan solishtirishingiz mumkin; ilova more better yoki taller from kabi xatolarni belgilab beradi. Bugungi vazifa: tug‘ilgan shahringiz va Toshkent (yoki boshqa shahar) haqida beshta gap ayting, kamida bittasida much, bittasida the most bo‘lsin.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
