Logistika ingliz tili uch guruh so‘zga tayanadi: hujjatlar (commercial invoice, packing list, CMR), yukning harakati (pick-up, transit, ETA, delivery) va bojxona (customs declaration, HS code, clearance, duty). Menejer bu so‘zlar bilan xat yozadi va qo‘ng‘iroq qiladi; haydovchiga esa omborda, chegarada va dispetcher bilan gaplashish uchun 20 ga yaqin ibora yetadi.
Misollar Toshkentdagi ekspeditorlik kompaniyasi hayotidan: Xitoydagi yetkazib beruvchidan yuk olib kelish, chegarada kechikish, omborda tushirish. Kompaniya va ismlar o‘ylab topilgan. Bu sahifa til haqida; bojxona qoidalari va to‘lovlarni rasmiy manbadan yoki bojxona brokeridan tekshiring.
Hujjatlar: 15 so‘z
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| commercial invoice | tijorat hisob-fakturasi (invoys) | The commercial invoice must match the contract. |
| packing list | qadoqlash varaqasi | The packing list shows 24 pallets. |
| CMR (consignment note) | xalqaro avtomobil yuk xati | The driver keeps one copy of the CMR. |
| bill of lading | konosament (dengiz yuk hujjati) | The bill of lading was issued in Shanghai. |
| rail waybill | temir yo‘l yuk xati | The rail waybill number is in the email. |
| certificate of origin | kelib chiqish sertifikati | We need a certificate of origin for this cargo. |
| customs declaration | bojxona deklaratsiyasi | The broker has submitted the customs declaration. |
| HS code | tovar kodi (TIF TN) | Please confirm the HS code for these pumps. |
| TIR carnet | TIR kitobchasi | The truck travels under a TIR carnet. |
| purchase order (PO) | buyurtma hujjati | Please put the PO number on every box. |
| delivery note | yuk topshirish xati | Sign the delivery note after unloading. |
| proof of delivery (POD) | yetkazilganlik tasdig‘i | Please send us a photo of the signed POD. |
| permit | ruxsatnoma | The driver has a transit permit. |
| insurance certificate | sug‘urta sertifikati | The insurance certificate covers damage in transit. |
| tracking number | kuzatuv raqami | Here’s the tracking number for your parcel. |
Yukning harakati: 15 so‘z
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| shipment / consignment | yuk jo‘natmasi | The shipment left the factory on Monday. |
| shipper / consignor | jo‘natuvchi | The shipper is a factory in Yiwu. |
| consignee | qabul qiluvchi | The consignee is our client in Tashkent. |
| carrier | tashuvchi | The carrier is responsible for the truck. |
| freight forwarder | ekspeditor | A freight forwarder organises the whole route. |
| pick-up / collection | yukni olib ketish | Pick-up is planned for 9 am on Thursday. |
| transit time | yo‘lda bo‘lish vaqti | Transit time is about ten days. |
| ETA / ETD | taxminiy yetib kelish / jo‘nash vaqti | The ETA in Tashkent is 14 November. |
| route | yo‘nalish | We changed the route because of snow on the pass. |
| border crossing | chegara o‘tish punkti | There’s a long queue at the border crossing. |
| delay | kechikish | We’re sorry for the two-day delay. |
| FTL / groupage | to‘liq mashina / yig‘ma yuk | It’s only 3 pallets, so groupage is cheaper than FTL. |
| container (20ft / 40ft) | konteyner | We need a 40ft container for this order. |
| warehouse | ombor | The goods are stored in our warehouse in Sergeli. |
| last-mile delivery | oxirgi manzilga yetkazish | Last-mile delivery is done by vans. |
Omborda va bojxonada: 15 so‘z
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| loading dock / ramp | yuklash rampasi | Please drive to loading dock 3. |
| load / unload | yuklamoq / tushirmoq | Unloading will take about an hour. |
| pallet | poddon | Each pallet weighs about 600 kg. |
| forklift | avtoyuklagich | The forklift is broken, so we’ll unload by hand. |
| seal | plomba | Don’t break the seal before customs. |
| trailer / semi-trailer | tirkama, fura | The trailer is 13.6 metres long. |
| reefer | muzlatkichli mashina | Fruit travels in a reefer at 2°C. |
| gross / net weight | brutto / netto vazn | Gross weight is 18 tonnes. |
| volume (cbm) | hajm (kub metr) | The volume is 42 cbm. |
| fragile | sinuvchan | These boxes are fragile. Handle with care. |
| damaged | shikastlangan | Two boxes arrived damaged. |
| shortage | kamomad | There’s a shortage of five boxes. |
| customs clearance | bojxona rasmiylashtiruvi | Customs clearance usually takes one or two days. |
| customs broker | bojxona brokeri | Our customs broker will call you. |
| duty / import VAT | boj to‘lovi / import QQS | The client pays duty and import VAT. |
Incoterms: narx kim uchun nimani qoplaydi
Shartnomada FCA Urumqi yoki DAP Tashkent degan yozuvni ko‘rasiz. Bu Xalqaro savdo palatasi (ICC) chiqargan Incoterms® 2020 qoidalari: sotuvchi va xaridor o‘rtasida xarajat va xavf qayerda o‘tishini belgilaydi. Qoidalar 11 ta; logistlar eng ko‘p ishlatadiganlaridan to‘rttasi:
| Qoida | Qisqa ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| EXW (Ex Works) | xaridor yukni sotuvchining korxonasidan o‘zi oladi |
| FCA (Free Carrier) | sotuvchi yukni xaridor tanlagan tashuvchiga topshiradi |
| DAP (Delivered at Place) | sotuvchi yukni kelishilgan manzilgacha olib keladi, import bojini xaridor to‘laydi |
| DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) | sotuvchi import boji va soliqlarini ham to‘laydi |
Bu faqat umumiy tushuntirish. Aniq majburiyatlar ICC nashrida yozilgan, shartnomadagi shartlar esa huquqshunos bilan tekshiriladi.
Haydovchi uchun 16 ta ibora
| Vaziyat | Ibora |
|---|---|
| Omborga kelish | Hello, I’m here to pick up an order for Silk Way Logistics. |
| Here’s the reference number: 4471. | |
| Which dock should I go to? | |
| How long will loading take? | |
| Yuk tekshiruvi | Can I check the boxes before I sign? |
| Two boxes are damaged. Please write it on the CMR. | |
| The seal number is 208314. | |
| Chegarada | Here are my documents: passport, CMR, invoice and packing list. |
| I’m carrying textiles from China to Tashkent. | |
| How long is the queue? | |
| Dispetcherga qo‘ng‘iroq | I’m at the border now. There’s a queue of about fifty trucks. |
| I’ll be about three hours late. | |
| The customs officer wants another document. | |
| Buzilish | I’ve got a flat tyre. I’m 40 kilometres from Andijan. |
| Yakun | Unloading is finished. The client has signed the POD. |
| Could you send me the address and a contact number? |
Manzil va telefon raqamini to‘g‘ri aytish uchun telefon nomer va manzil inglizcha sahifasini ko‘ring: raqamlar ikkitadan yoki uchtadan guruhlab aytiladi.
Dialog: ekspeditor va Xitoydagi yetkazib beruvchi
Dilnoza Toshkentdagi ekspeditorlik kompaniyasining menejeri. Qo‘ng‘iroq Xitoydagi fabrikaning eksport menejeri bilan, ikkalasi uchun ham ingliz tili chet tili.
A: Hello, Ms Li. This is Dilnoza from Silk Way Logistics. I’m calling about order 4471.
B: Hello, Dilnoza. Yes, the goods are ready.
A: Great. Our truck can collect them on Thursday at 9 am. Does that work for you?
B: Thursday is fine. But the packing list isn’t final yet.
A: No problem. Could you send the final packing list and the commercial invoice by Wednesday? Our broker needs them before the truck arrives at the border.
B: Yes, I’ll send them tomorrow. How many pallets can the truck take?
A: Up to 33 pallets. Your order is 26, so there’s enough space.
B: Good. Please send me the driver’s name, phone number and the truck plate number.
A: I’ll email them this afternoon. One more thing: please make sure the HS codes on the invoice are correct. Last time, one code was wrong and clearance took an extra day.
B: I understand. I’ll check them with our export team.
A: Thank you. Let’s speak again on Wednesday.
Namuna: kechikish haqida mijozga xat
Subject: Order 4471: two-day delay at the border
Dear Mr Rakhimov,
I’m writing to update you on order 4471 (26 pallets of textiles). The truck reached the border crossing yesterday evening, but there is a long queue because of increased checks. We now expect the truck in Tashkent on Saturday, 16 November, instead of Thursday.
All documents are in order, and the seal is intact. Our broker is ready to start customs clearance as soon as the truck arrives.
We’re sorry for the delay. I’ll send you another update tomorrow at 12:00.
Kind regards,
Dilnoza Yusupova, Operations Manager
Tuzilma: qaysi yuk → nima bo‘ldi → yangi ETA → yaxshi xabar (hujjat, plomba) → uzr va keyingi yangilanish vaqti. Boshqa xat turlari business email namunalari sahifasida.
Logistlar va haydovchilar ko‘p qiladigan xatolar
- The goods is ready. → The goods are ready. Goods doim ko‘plikda.
- Send the documents till Friday. → by Friday. Muddat uchun by, davomiylik uchun until.
- The fura arrived. → The truck (lorry) arrived.
- Loading at 10 hours. → Loading is at 10 am.
- We will make customs. → We’ll clear the goods through customs.
- Invoice-factura → commercial invoice.
Mashq: logistika gaplarini to‘ldiring
So‘zlar: ETA, consignee, packing list, seal, groupage, pick-up, clearance, damaged, by, are.
- 1. The ______ shows how many boxes are on each pallet.
- 2. What’s the ______ of the truck in Tashkent?
- 3. The ______ is the company that receives the goods.
- 4. Please send the invoice ______ Wednesday.
- 5. The goods ______ in the warehouse now.
- 6. Don’t break the ______ until the customs officer arrives.
- 7. Customs ______ took only one day this time.
- 8. We only have two pallets, so ______ is the cheapest option.
- 9. ______ is at 8 am from the factory in Yiwu.
- 10. Three boxes arrived ______. I’ve taken photos.
Javoblar
1 — packing list; 2 — ETA; 3 — consignee; 4 — by; 5 — are; 6 — seal; 7 — clearance; 8 — groupage; 9 — Pick-up; 10 — damaged.
Qo‘ng‘iroqqa tayyorgarlik va BandMate
Logistikada eng ko‘p gap telefonda bo‘ladi. Ish qo‘ng‘irog‘ini boshlash, maqsadni aytish va yakunlash tartibi telefon orqali ish muloqoti sahifasida, katta raqamlar (vazn, summa) esa katta sonlar inglizcha sahifasida.
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan yuqoridagi dialogni rol o‘ynab mashq qilishingiz mumkin: u yetkazib beruvchi yoki bojxona xodimi bo‘ladi, siz ma’lumot berasiz. Ilova talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr beradi, raqamlarni esa ravon aytishga odatlanasiz.
