Legal English uch qatlamdan iborat: shartnoma tuzilmasi so‘zlari (parties, term, termination, governing law), majburiyatni bildiruvchi modal fe’llar (shall — majburiyat, may — huquq, shall not — taqiq) va aniq, bir ma’noli uslub. Shu uchtasini bilgan yurist inglizcha shartnomani o‘qiy oladi va chet ellik mijozga uning mazmunini tushuntira oladi.
Bu sahifa til haqida. Unda huquqiy maslahat yo‘q: qaysi qonunni tanlash, qaysi arbitrajga borish kabi savollarni amaliyotchi yurist bilan hal qiling. Misollardagi kompaniya va ismlar o‘ylab topilgan.
Toshkentdagi yuridik firmada ingliz tili qayerda kerak
Xalqaro mijozlari bor firmada kichik yurist (junior associate) odatda to‘rt ishni ingliz tilida qiladi: xorijiy investor bilan NDA (maxfiylik kelishuvi) yoki yetkazib berish shartnomasini ko‘rib chiqadi, o‘zbek qonunining mazmunini qisqa memoda tushuntiradi, mijoz bilan video qo‘ng‘iroq qiladi va hujjatlarning tarjimasini tekshiradi. Har birida bir xil so‘zlar takrorlanadi, shuning uchun lug‘atni ana shu vaziyatlar bo‘yicha o‘rganish tezroq natija beradi.
Shall, may, must: bitta so‘z, butun band o‘zgaradi
| Modal | Shartnomadagi ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| shall | majburiyat (…shi shart) | The Supplier shall deliver the goods by 1 March. |
| shall not | taqiq | The Buyer shall not disclose the price to third parties. |
| may | huquq, ixtiyor | Either Party may terminate this Agreement with 30 days’ notice. |
| must | majburiyat (zamonaviy "plain English" uslubida) | The invoice must include the contract number. |
| will | kelajak fakti yoki va’da, majburiyat emas deb o‘qilishi mumkin | The meeting will take place in Tashkent. |
O‘zbek tilida "yetkazib beradi" ham fakt, ham majburiyat bo‘lib o‘qilaveradi. Inglizcha matnda esa shall va will aralashsa, tomonlar keyinchalik "bu majburiyatmi yoki shunchaki niyatmi?" deb bahslashishi mumkin. Bitta hujjat ichida bitta tizimni tanlang.
Shartnoma tuzilmasi: 16 atama
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| agreement / contract | shartnoma | The agreement was signed in two copies. |
| party | tomon | Each party has read the contract carefully. |
| recitals | kirish qismi (preambula) | The recitals explain why the parties signed. |
| definitions | atamalar ta’rifi | "Goods" is defined in Clause 1. |
| clause | band | Please check Clause 7 on payment. |
| sub-clause | kichik band | Sub-clause 7.2 sets the deadline. |
| annex / schedule | ilova | The price list is in Annex 2. |
| term | amal qilish muddati | The term of this Agreement is two years. |
| effective date | kuchga kirish sanasi | The effective date is 1 January 2027. |
| termination | bekor qilish | Termination requires written notice. |
| notice | rasmiy xabarnoma | Notice shall be sent by courier and email. |
| governing law | qo‘llaniladigan huquq | The governing law is the law of Uzbekistan. |
| amendment | o‘zgartirish | Any amendment must be in writing. |
| counterpart | nusxa (asl nusxa kuchiga ega) | The contract may be signed in counterparts. |
| signatory | imzo chekuvchi shaxs | Only an authorised signatory can sign. |
| force majeure | fors-major | Floods are listed as force majeure events. |
Majburiyat, javobgarlik va nizo: 16 atama
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| obligation | majburiyat | Payment is the Buyer’s main obligation. |
| liability | javobgarlik | The Seller’s liability is limited to the contract price. |
| breach | buzish | Late payment is a breach of contract. |
| remedy | himoya vositasi | Damages are the usual remedy. |
| damages | zararni qoplash summasi | The court awarded damages to the claimant. |
| penalty / late payment interest | neustoyka, penya | The contract sets interest for late payment. |
| indemnify | zararni qoplab berishni o‘z zimmasiga olish | The Contractor shall indemnify the Client for third-party claims. |
| warranty | kafolat | The warranty lasts twelve months. |
| waiver | huquqdan voz kechish | A single delay is not a waiver of rights. |
| confidential information | maxfiy ma’lumot | Confidential information includes customer lists. |
| dispute | nizo | The dispute concerns the quality of the goods. |
| claim | talab, da’vo | The Buyer sent a written claim on 5 May. |
| claimant / respondent | da’vogar / javobgar (arbitrajda) | The respondent denied the claim. |
| arbitration | arbitraj (hakamlik) | The parties chose arbitration instead of court. |
| award | arbitraj qarori | The award is final and binding. |
| jurisdiction | yurisdiksiya, vakolat | The court has no jurisdiction over this dispute. |
Sud, hujjat va korporativ ish: 16 atama
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| court / hearing | sud / sud majlisi | The hearing is scheduled for 14 November. |
| judge | sudya | The judge asked for more evidence. |
| evidence | dalil | Emails can be used as evidence. |
| witness | guvoh | The witness confirmed the delivery date. |
| judgment | sud qarori | The judgment was published last week. |
| appeal | apellyatsiya, shikoyat qilish | The company plans to appeal. |
| statute / law | qonun | The statute sets a three-year limit. |
| regulation | nizom, qaror | New regulations apply to banks. |
| power of attorney | ishonchnoma | She signed a power of attorney for her lawyer. |
| notarised copy | notarial tasdiqlangan nusxa | We need a notarised copy of the charter. |
| apostille | apostil | Foreign documents may need an apostille. |
| charter / articles of association | ustav | The charter allows two directors. |
| shareholder | aksiyador, ishtirokchi | The shareholders approved the deal. |
| due diligence | huquqiy tekshiruv | Due diligence took three weeks. |
| memo | ichki xulosa, maktub | I’ll send you a short memo on the new law. |
| deadline / time limit | muddat | The deadline for the response is ten days. |
Band tahlili: governing law va nizolar
Quyida o‘quv maqsadida yozilgan namuna band. Uni so‘zma-so‘z shablon sifatida ishlatmang: har bir shartnomaning bandi tomonlar va vaziyatga qarab yuristlar tomonidan yoziladi.
12. Governing Law and Disputes
12.1 This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
12.2 The Parties shall first try to settle any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement through negotiation. If the dispute is not settled within thirty (30) days after one Party notifies the other in writing, either Party may refer it to arbitration.
12.3 Nothing in this Clause shall prevent either Party from seeking urgent interim relief from a competent court.
Qatorma-qator:
- governed by and construed in accordance with — "…ga muvofiq tartibga solinadi va talqin qilinadi". Huquqiy ingliz tilida bunday juft so‘zlar ko‘p uchraydi (terms and conditions, null and void).
- shall first try to settle — birinchi qadam majburiy: avval muzokara.
- arising out of or in connection with — "…dan kelib chiqadigan yoki unga aloqador". Keng qamrov beradi.
- thirty (30) days — son so‘z va raqam bilan: xato yozilsa, ikkinchisi tekshiradi.
- notifies the other in writing — og‘zaki xabar yetmaydi, yozma bo‘lishi kerak.
- either Party may refer — har qaysi tomon arbitrajga murojaat qilish huquqiga ega (may).
- interim relief — shoshilinch vaqtinchalik choralar, masalan, mulkni xatlash.
Mijozga oddiy tilda tushuntirish: "In short, Uzbek law applies. If you disagree, you talk first. After thirty days, either side can go to arbitration, and urgent court measures are still possible."
Dialog: NDA bo‘yicha video qo‘ng‘iroq
Kamola, Toshkentdagi yuridik firmaning kichik yuristi, nemis mijozi bilan maxfiylik kelishuvini muhokama qilmoqda.
A: Good morning, Mr Becker. Thank you for sending the draft NDA. I’ve reviewed it and I have three comments.
B: Good morning, Kamola. Please go ahead.
A: First, Clause 3 defines confidential information very broadly. It includes information that is already public. We suggest excluding it.
B: That sounds reasonable. What else?
A: Second, the term. The draft says the obligations continue "indefinitely". Our client prefers five years after termination.
B: I’ll need to check that with our legal team. Could you send me the proposed wording?
A: Of course. I’ll mark the changes in the document and send it by the end of the day.
B: And the third point?
A: Clause 9 doesn’t say which law applies. We propose adding a governing law clause. I’ll explain the options in a short memo.
B: Great. Let’s speak again on Thursday.
A: Thursday works for us. I’ll send a calendar invitation.
E’tibor bering: Kamola "I think maybe it is not good" demaydi. U taklifni aniq aytadi (We suggest excluding it) va keyingi qadamni belgilaydi.
Rus va o‘zbek tilidan keladigan chalkashliklar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| the act of acceptance | acceptance certificate | "akt" ko‘pincha certificate yoki report |
| protocol of the meeting | minutes of the meeting | yig‘ilish bayonnomasi = minutes |
| the Parties agreed about following | the Parties have agreed as follows | tayyor ibora |
| juridical person | legal entity | yuridik shaxs |
| the contract is signed by both sides | the contract has been signed by both parties | side emas, party |
| prolongation of the contract | extension / renewal of the contract | prolongation tabiiy emas |
| He is advocate. | He is a lawyer. / He is an advocate. | artikl tushib qolmasin |
"Pretenziya" deb yozilgan xatni ko‘pincha letter of claim yoki formal complaint deb tarjima qilish mumkin, "reglament" esa kontekstga qarab rules, procedure yoki regulation bo‘ladi. Shubha bo‘lsa, so‘zni emas, vazifani tarjima qiling.
Mashq: shartnoma gaplarini to‘ldiring
So‘zlar: shall, may, breach, notice, annex, waiver, liability, counterparts, governing law, witness.
- 1. The Supplier ______ deliver the goods within 20 days.
- 2. Either Party ______ terminate the Agreement with 60 days’ written notice.
- 3. Late payment is a ______ of the contract.
- 4. The full technical specification is in ______ 1.
- 5. The Seller’s ______ shall not exceed the total contract price.
- 6. This Agreement may be signed in two ______.
- 7. A delay in using a right is not a ______ of that right.
- 8. All ______ must be sent to the addresses in Clause 15.
- 9. The ______ of this contract is the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
- 10. The ______ saw the truck leave the warehouse at 9 pm.
Javoblar
1 — shall; 2 — may; 3 — breach; 4 — Annex; 5 — liability; 6 — counterparts; 7 — waiver; 8 — notices; 9 — governing law; 10 — witness.
8-gapda notices ko‘plikda: All bilan birlik ot ishlatilmaydi. 2-gapda may huquqni bildiradi, shuning uchun shall bu yerda ma’noni o‘zgartirib yuboradi.
Yuristlar uchun keyingi qadam va BandMate
Mijoz bilan yozishmalar uchun business email namunalari sahifasidagi tuzilmadan foydalaning. Muzokara bosqichidagi iboralar English negotiation phrases sahifasida jamlangan, ofisdagi kundalik so‘zlar esa work vocabulary ro‘yxatida. Tarjima bilan ko‘p ishlasangiz, tarjimon bo‘lish haqidagi sahifani ham ko‘ring.
Yurist uchun eng qiyini ko‘pincha o‘qish emas, mijozga og‘zaki tushuntirish bo‘ladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan shu vaziyatni mashq qilishingiz mumkin: bandning mazmunini oddiy tilda aytib berish, e’tirozni muloyim bildirish, qo‘ng‘iroqni keyingi qadam bilan yakunlash. Ilova talaffuz bo‘yicha ham fikr beradi. Bu til mashqi, huquqiy tekshiruv emas.
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