Antonim — qarama-qarshi ma’noli so‘z: big — small, buy — sell, day — night. Ingliz tilida antonim ikki yo‘l bilan hosil bo‘ladi: alohida so‘z (hot — cold) yoki old qo‘shimcha (happy — unhappy, possible — impossible). Bitta so‘zning ikki xil antonimi ham bo‘lishi mumkin: old odam uchun young, narsa uchun new.
Bir daqiqalik mashq: xonangizdagi uchta narsani juft so‘z bilan tasvirlang. My bag is old, but my phone is new. The room is small, but it’s quiet. Quyida 60 juft, qo‘shimchalar jadvali va o‘zbek o‘quvchilari ko‘p adashadigan juftlar bor.
Sifatlar: 30 juft
| Juft | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| big — small | katta — kichik | Our flat is small, but the kitchen is big. |
| long — short | uzun — qisqa | The film was long; the trailer was short. |
| tall — short | baland bo‘yli — past bo‘yli | My brother is tall, I’m short. |
| old — new | eski — yangi | I sold my old phone and bought a new one. |
| old — young | qari — yosh | Young people and old people use apps differently. |
| hot — cold | issiq — sovuq | Summer in Termez is hot; winter is cold. |
| fast — slow | tez — sekin | The metro is fast, the bus is slow. |
| early — late | erta — kech | Sorry I’m late — the bus wasn’t early. |
| cheap — expensive | arzon — qimmat | Fruit is cheap at Chorsu but expensive in the mall. |
| rich — poor | boy — kambag‘al | The charity helps poor families. |
| full — empty | to‘la — bo‘sh | The bottle is empty. Is yours full? |
| heavy — light | og‘ir — yengil | This bag is light, that one is heavy. |
| hard — soft | qattiq — yumshoq | The bed is too hard. |
| difficult — easy | qiyin — oson | The test was easy, the homework was difficult. |
| clean — dirty | toza — iflos | Put the dirty cups in the sink. |
| quiet — noisy | jim — shovqinli | Our street is quiet at night. |
| light — dark | yorug‘ — qorong‘i | It gets dark at six in winter. |
| strong — weak | kuchli — kuchsiz | The coffee is too weak. |
| wet — dry | ho‘l — quruq | My shoes are still wet. |
| thick — thin | qalin — yupqa | a thick book, a thin notebook |
| wide — narrow | keng — tor | The streets in the old town are narrow. |
| deep — shallow | chuqur — sayoz | The river is shallow here. |
| high — low | baland — past | Prices are high this month. |
| safe — dangerous | xavfsiz — xavfli | Is it safe to swim here? |
| right — wrong | to‘g‘ri — noto‘g‘ri | Your answer is right. |
| same — different | bir xil — har xil | We live in the same street. |
| polite — rude | xushmuomala — qo‘pol | It’s rude to interrupt. |
| happy — sad | xursand — xafa | Why are you sad today? |
| alive — dead | tirik — o‘lik | The plant is dead — I forgot to water it. |
| public — private | ommaviy — shaxsiy | a private school, a public park |
Fe’llar: 16 juft
| Juft | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| buy — sell | sotib olmoq — sotmoq | He sells phones and buys old ones. |
| give — take | bermoq — olmoq | Take one leaflet and give the rest to Ali. |
| open — close | ochmoq — yopmoq | Close the window, please. |
| push — pull | itarmoq — tortmoq | Push the door, don’t pull it. |
| win — lose | yutmoq — yutqazmoq | We lost the first match but won the second. |
| find — lose | topmoq — yo‘qotmoq | I lost my keys and found them in my bag. |
| arrive — leave | yetib kelmoq — jo‘nab ketmoq | The train leaves at 8 and arrives at 10. |
| remember — forget | eslamoq — unutmoq | Don’t forget your passport. |
| accept — refuse | qabul qilmoq — rad etmoq | She refused the offer. |
| lend — borrow | qarz bermoq — qarz olmoq | Can you lend me 20,000 so‘m? |
| laugh — cry | kulmoq — yig‘lamoq | The film made me laugh and cry. |
| start — finish | boshlamoq — tugatmoq | Lessons start at 9 and finish at 1. |
| increase — decrease | oshmoq — kamaymoq | The number of tourists increased. |
| love — hate | sevmoq — yomon ko‘rmoq | I hate waiting in queues. |
| send — receive | yubormoq — olmoq | Did you receive my email? |
| turn on — turn off | yoqmoq — o‘chirmoq | Turn off the lights. |
Otlar, ravish va predloglar: 14 juft
| Juft | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| day — night | kun — tun | He works at night and sleeps in the day. |
| question — answer | savol — javob | Write the answer under each question. |
| friend — enemy | do‘st — dushman | They were enemies, now they’re friends. |
| success — failure | muvaffaqiyat — muvaffaqiyatsizlik | Every failure teaches you something. |
| beginning — end | boshlanish — oxir | at the end of the lesson |
| north — south | shimol — janub | Nukus is in the north-west. |
| always — never | doim — hech qachon | I always drink tea, I never drink coffee. |
| often — rarely | tez-tez — kamdan-kam | I rarely take taxis. |
| here — there | bu yerda — u yerda | Put it there, not here. |
| up — down | yuqoriga — pastga | Go up the stairs. |
| in — out | ichkariga — tashqariga | Come in! — He went out. |
| inside — outside | ichida — tashqarida | Let’s wait outside. |
| above — below | ustida — ostida | Write your name below the line. |
| before — after | oldin — keyin | Wash your hands before and after lunch. |
Bitta so‘z — ikki antonim
Ma’noga qarab antonim ham o‘zgaradi. Bu sifatlarni har doim sherigi bilan yodlang:
| So‘z | 1-ma’no → antonim | 2-ma’no → antonim |
|---|---|---|
| old | an old man → young | an old car → new |
| light | a light bag → heavy | a light room → dark |
| hard | a hard chair → soft | a hard test → easy |
| short | a short film → long | a short man → tall |
| right | the right answer → wrong | turn right → left |
| lose | lose a game → win | lose your keys → find |
| strong | strong tea → weak | strong wind → light |
Old qo‘shimcha bilan antonim yasash
| Qo‘shimcha | Qachon | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| un- | eng ko‘p uchraydi | unhappy, unkind, unfair, unusual, unlucky, untidy, unnecessary, unable |
| in- | ko‘pincha lotin ildizli so‘zlar | incorrect, incomplete, informal, invisible, independent |
| im- | p, m, b oldidan | impossible, impolite, impatient, immature, imbalance |
| il- | l oldidan | illegal, illogical, illiterate |
| ir- | r oldidan | irregular, irresponsible, irrelevant |
| dis- | fe’l va sifatlarda | disagree, dislike, dishonest, disappear, disconnect |
| non- | “... emas”, betaraf | non-smoker, non-fiction, non-stop |
| -ful → -less | qo‘shimcha almashadi | careful — careless, useful — useless, harmful — harmless |
Qaysi so‘zga qaysi qo‘shimcha kelishi ko‘p hollarda qoidadan emas, odatdan kelib chiqadi, shuning uchun juftni birga yodlash eng ishonchli yo‘l. Batafsil jadval un-, dis-, re- old qo‘shimchalari sahifasida.
Uchta tuzoq:
- invaluable — “qadrsiz” emas, aksincha, bebaho (Your help was invaluable). Qadrsiz — worthless.
- inflammable — “yonmaydigan” emas, oson yonadigan (flammable bilan bir xil). Yonmaydigan — non-flammable.
- helpless — “yordam bermaydigan” emas, ojiz, himoyasiz. Yordam bermaydigan — unhelpful.
Adashtiradigan juftlar: o‘zbekcha bitta so‘z, inglizcha ikkita
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| Can you borrow me your pen? | Can you lend me your pen? | “qarz ber” — lend, “qarz ol” — borrow |
| The shop is close. | The shop is closed. | holat — closed (sifat) |
| Wait, I’m going! (suhbatdosh tomonga yo‘lda) | Wait, I’m coming! | suhbatdosh tomonga harakat — come, undan uzoqlashish — go |
| My teacher learned me English. | My teacher taught me English. | teach — o‘rgatmoq, learn — o‘rganmoq |
| It’s a very expensive price. | It’s a very high price. | narxga high/low |
Muloyimlik uchun inglizlar ko‘pincha salbiy antonim o‘rniga not very + ijobiy so‘z ishlatadi: The hotel was dirty o‘rniga The hotel wasn’t very clean. Bu yumshoqroq eshitiladi. Sifatlarning qiyosiy shakllari (bigger, the smallest) sifat darajalari sahifasida, ko‘proq sifatlar esa inglizcha sifatlar ro‘yxati sahifasida.
Talaffuz: expensive — ik-SPEN-siv; dangerous — DEYN-jə-rəs; borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/ va lend /lend/; narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ va shallow /ˈʃæləʊ/ — birinchi unli og‘izni keng ochib aytiladigan /æ/.
Mashq: antonimni yozing
A. Qarama-qarshi so‘z: 1) cheap 2) arrive 3) borrow 4) shallow 5) remember 6) always
B. Old qo‘shimcha qo‘shing: 7) possible 8) legal 9) honest 10) regular 11) formal 12) tidy
C. To‘g‘risini tanlang: 13) The museum is (close / closed) on Mondays. 14) Your advice was (invaluable / worthless) — thank you so much!
Javoblar
1 — expensive; 2 — leave; 3 — lend; 4 — deep; 5 — forget; 6 — never; 7 — impossible; 8 — illegal; 9 — dishonest; 10 — irregular; 11 — informal; 12 — untidy; 13 — closed; 14 — invaluable (bebaho; minnatdorlik bilan to‘g‘ri keladi).
Juft so‘zlarni gapda ishlatib ko‘ring
Antonimlar tasvirlash va taqqoslashda eng foydali: shahringizni, eski va yangi uyingizni, qishloq va shahar hayotini solishtirganda ular o‘z-o‘zidan kerak bo‘ladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan Is life better in a big city or a small town? mavzusida gaplashing va har javobda kamida ikkita juftni ishlating: ilova talaffuz va grammatika bo‘yicha izoh beradi. Keyingi qadam — sinonim so‘zlar: big ning huge dan farqini o‘rganing.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
