Ingliz tilidagi harf birikmalari uch xil bo‘ladi. Ishonchlilari deyarli doim bir xil o‘qiladi: sh /ʃ/, ph /f/, ck /k/, ee /iː/, igh /aɪ/, oi/oy /ɔɪ/. Ikki-uch o‘qilishlilari asosiy qoidaga ega, lekin istisnosi ko‘p: ch, th, gh, ea, oo, ou, ow. Oldindan aytib bo‘lmaydigani — ough: uni so‘z bilan birga yodlash kerak. Avval ishonchlilarni o‘rganing, ular yangi so‘zlarning katta qismini to‘g‘ri o‘qishga yetadi.
O‘zbek lotin yozuvida ham birikmalar bor: sh, ch, ng, o‘, g‘. Lekin ularning har biri doim bitta tovush beradi. Shu odat bilan o‘quvchi inglizcha ch ni ham doim "ch" deb o‘qiydi va school "chkul"ga aylanadi. Inglizchada birikmaning o‘qilishi ko‘pincha so‘z qaysi tildan kelganiga bog‘liq: yunoncha so‘zlarda ch /k/, frantsuzcha so‘zlarda /ʃ/.
Undosh birikmalari
| Birikma | Asosiy o‘qilishi | Misollar | Istisno va izoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| sh | /ʃ/ "sh" | shop, fish, wish | mishap /ˈmɪshæp/: mis + hap, ikki alohida tovush |
| ch | /tʃ/ "ch" | chair, teacher, lunch | /k/: school, chemistry, stomach, character (yunoncha); /ʃ/: machine, chef, brochure (frantsuzcha) |
| tch | /tʃ/ | watch, kitchen, catch | faqat qisqa unlidan keyin keladi |
| th | /θ/ jarangsiz | think, month, bath | /ð/ jarangli: this, the, mother, with; /t/: Thomas, Thailand, thyme |
| ph | /f/ | phone, photo, graph | shepherd /ˈʃepəd/ va uphill da p va h alohida; Stephen /ˈstiːvn/ |
| gh | so‘z boshida /ɡ/ | ghost, ghetto | so‘z oxirida /f/: laugh, enough, cough; jim: night, eight, daughter |
| ck | /k/ | back, clock, duck | faqat qisqa unlidan keyin |
| ng | /ŋ/ | sing, long, thing | /ŋɡ/: finger, English, longer; /ndʒ/: danger, change |
| wh | /w/ | what, where, white | /h/: who, whole, whose |
| qu | /kw/ | queen, quick, question | /k/: unique, antique (frantsuzcha -que) |
| -tion | /ʃn/ | nation, station | question /ˈkwestʃən/ — s dan keyin /tʃ/ |
| -sion | /ʃn/ yoki /ʒn/ | tension; vision, decision | unlidan keyin ko‘pincha /ʒn/ |
| -ture | /tʃə/ | picture, future, nature | US /tʃɚ/ |
TH qachon jarangli? Qisqa yordamchi so‘zlarda (the, this, that, they, there, then, than, though) va ikki unli orasida (mother, weather, other) — /ð/. Mazmunli so‘zlarning boshi va oxirida (think, thank, three, month, bath) — /θ/. Til holati va farqlash mashqlari TH tovushi sahifasida.
Kn, wr, mb kabi birikmalarda bitta harf umuman o‘qilmaydi (know, write, climb). Ular alohida mavzu: silent letters sahifasida 60 so‘z qoliplar bo‘yicha berilgan.
Unli birikmalari
| Birikma | Asosiy o‘qilishi | Misollar | Istisno va izoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| ee | /iː/ | see, green, meet | been UK /biːn/, US /bɪn/; r dan oldin /ɪə/: beer, deer |
| ea | /iː/ | tea, read, speak | /e/: bread, head, weather, breakfast; /eɪ/: great, break, steak |
| ea + r | /ɪə/ | near, hear, year | /ɜː/: learn, early, earth; /eə/: bear, wear; /ɑː/: heart |
| oo | /uː/ | food, moon, school | /ʊ/: book, good, look, foot; /ʌ/: blood, flood; /ɔː/: door, floor |
| ai, ay | /eɪ/ | rain, wait, day, play | said /sed/, says /sez/, captain /ˈkæptɪn/ |
| oa | /əʊ/ | boat, road, coat | broad /brɔːd/; r dan oldin /ɔː/: board |
| ou | /aʊ/ | house, out, loud | /uː/: soup, group, you; /ʌ/: young, country, touch; /ʊ/: could, would |
| ow | /aʊ/ | now, how, town | /əʊ/: snow, show, know, window |
| igh | /aɪ/ | high, light, night | istisnosi deyarli yo‘q |
| ie | /iː/ | piece, field, believe | /aɪ/: pie, tie, lie; friend /frend/ |
| ew | /juː/ | new, few | /uː/: flew, grew, chew; sew /səʊ/ |
| au, aw | /ɔː/ | August, saw, law | UK aunt /ɑːnt/, laugh /lɑːf/ |
| oi, oy | /ɔɪ/ | oil, boy, enjoy | istisnosi deyarli yo‘q |
Ow ning ikki o‘qilishini farqlashga oddiy yo‘l yo‘q: now va know, cow va low yonma-yon turadi. Hatto bitta bow so‘zi ma’nosiga qarab /baʊ/ (ta’zim qilmoq) yoki /bəʊ/ (kamon, bant) o‘qiladi. Bunday so‘zni birinchi uchratganda lug‘atda tekshiring.
Ea esa eng aldamchi birikma: bir xil yozilgan read hozirgi zamonda /riːd/, o‘tgan zamonda /red/. Lead (yetaklamoq) /liːd/, lead (qo‘rg‘oshin) /led/.
Ough: 7 xil o‘qilish
Ough ingliz imlosining eng mashhur "muammosi". Uning o‘qilishini qoida bilan topib bo‘lmaydi, lekin so‘zlar soni kam — hammasini bir jadvalda yodlash mumkin.
| So‘z | Ma’nosi | IPA (UK) | Oddiy o‘qilishi |
|---|---|---|---|
| though | garchi | /ðəʊ/ | DHOU |
| through | orqali | /θruː/ | THRUU |
| thought | o‘yladi, fikr | /θɔːt/ | THOOT |
| tough | qattiq, qiyin | /tʌf/ | TAF |
| cough | yo‘tal | /kɒf/ | KOF |
| plough | omoch (UK) | /plaʊ/ | PLAU |
| thorough | puxta | /ˈθʌrə/ | THA-rə |
Bitta yaxshi xabar bor: -ought oilasi ishonchli. Bought, brought, fought, ought, sought, thought — hammasi /ɔːt/. Enough, rough, tough esa /ʌf/ bilan tugaydi. Amerika imlosida plough o‘rniga plow yoziladi.
Mashq uchun gap: Though the test was tough, I thought it through and did a thorough job. Bitta gapda ough ning beshta o‘qilishi bor; uni avval sekin, keyin bir nafasda ayting.
Qaysi birikmani qachon o‘rganish kerak
- 1-bosqich (boshlovchi): sh, ch, th, ck, ng, wh, ee, igh, oi/oy, ai/ay, oa. Bular yangi so‘zlarning ko‘p qismini to‘g‘ri o‘qitadi.
- 2-bosqich: ea, oo, ou, ow, ew, au/aw va ularning istisnolari. Har bir istisnoni ro‘yxat bilan emas, gap bilan eslang: I read a great book about bread.
- 3-bosqich: yunoncha va frantsuzcha ch, gh, ough, -sion. Bular ko‘proq B1 dan yuqori so‘zlarda uchraydi.
Bitta harfning o‘zi (birikmasiz) qanday o‘qilishi — ochiq va yopiq bo‘g‘in, so‘z oxiridagi jim e, c va g ning ikki o‘qilishi — ingliz tilida o‘qish qoidalari sahifasida.
O‘qish mashqi: 6 ta gap
Ovoz chiqarib o‘qing, qalin birikmalarga e’tibor bering.
- The chef in the school kitchen made chocolate.
- I think this theatre opens on Thursday.
- My phone fell into the snow near the town hall.
- We read a great book about bread at breakfast.
- Who knows where the white boat is?
- The book about food and blood is on the floor.
1-gapda ch uch xil: /ʃ/, /k/, /tʃ/. 3-gapdagi snow /snəʊ/ va town /taʊn/ — bir birikma, ikki o‘qilish. 4-gapda read o‘tgan zamonda, shuning uchun /red/. 6-gapda oo to‘rt xil o‘qiladi: /ʊ/, /uː/, /ʌ/, /ɔː/.
Mashq: birikma qanday o‘qiladi?
Qalin birikma qaysi tovushni beradi? IPA belgisi yoki oddiy yozuv bilan javob bering.
- 1. character
- 2. machine
- 3. they
- 4. Thomas
- 5. laugh
- 6. bread
- 7. great
- 8. blood
- 9. snow
- 10. whole
- 11. through
- 12. tough
- 13. friend
- 14. finger
Javoblar
1 — /k/. 2 — /ʃ/. 3 — /ð/ (jarangli). 4 — /t/. 5 — /f/. 6 — /e/. 7 — /eɪ/. 8 — /ʌ/. 9 — /əʊ/. 10 — /h/ (w o‘qilmaydi). 11 — /uː/. 12 — /ʌf/. 13 — /e/. 14 — /ŋɡ/: FING-gə.
Xato qilgan birikmangizni 2-jadvaldan toping va shu qatordagi barcha misollarni gap ichida bir marta ayting.
Birikmalarni o‘qib-gapirib mustahkamlash
Qoidani bilish o‘qishda yordam beradi, lekin tovush og‘izda qolishi uchun uni gapirish kerak. BandMate ilovasida darslardagi matnlarni ovoz chiqarib o‘qiysiz va Bandi bilan suhbatda talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz. Bugun "Ough" jadvalidagi yetti so‘zni ikki marta o‘qing va mashq gapini yozib oling.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — so‘zlarning UK va US transkripsiyasi va audiosi.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — BrE va NAmE talaffuzi.
