Iqtisodiyot inglizcha the economy, iqtisod fani esa economics. Yangilikda eng ko‘p uchraydigan to‘rt so‘z: inflation (narxlarning umumiy o‘sishi), income (daromad), tax (soliq) va unemployment (ishsizlik). Ular bilan bitta gap: When inflation is high, people’s income buys less. — Inflyatsiya yuqori bo‘lsa, daromad bilan kamroq narsa olinadi.
Quyida 48 ta so‘z to‘rt guruhda, har biri tarjima, birikma va misol bilan. Oxirgi guruh — o‘sish va pasayish fe’llari: ular bilan IELTS Writing Task 1 yoki Multilevel’dagi grafikni tasvirlaysiz. Namuna grafik tavsifi, yangilik matni, dialog va mashq ham bor.
Mamlakat iqtisodi: 14 so‘z
| So‘z | Tarjima | Birikmalar | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| economy | iqtisodiyot | a growing economy, the global economy | Tourism is important for the local economy. |
| economic | iqtisodiy | economic growth, economic crisis | The country is going through an economic crisis. |
| GDP | yalpi ichki mahsulot (YaIM) | GDP growth, GDP per person | GDP measures the value of everything a country produces. |
| growth | o‘sish | strong growth, slow growth | The report expects slow growth next year. |
| recession | tanazzul, retsessiya | go into recession | Many firms closed during the recession. |
| inflation | inflyatsiya | high inflation, inflation rises | Inflation makes food and rent more expensive. |
| cost of living | yashash narxi | the rising cost of living | Students complain about the cost of living in big cities. |
| unemployment | ishsizlik | high unemployment, the unemployment rate | Youth unemployment is a problem in many countries. |
| export | eksport; eksport qilmoq | export goods, main exports | The country exports fruit and textiles. |
| import | import; import qilmoq | import cars, cheap imports | Cheap imports can hurt local producers. |
| trade | savdo | foreign trade, trade between countries | Trade between the two countries grew. |
| investment | investitsiya | foreign investment, attract investment | New roads help attract foreign investment. |
| currency | valyuta | a strong currency, the national currency | A weak currency makes imports more expensive. |
| interest rate | foiz stavkasi | raise interest rates, cut interest rates | The central bank raised interest rates to fight inflation. |
Economic va economical farq qiladi: economic growth — iqtisodiy o‘sish, an economical car — tejamkor mashina. Batafsil economic va economical farqi sahifasida.
Shaxsiy pul va soliq: 12 so‘z
| So‘z | Tarjima | Birikmalar | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| income | daromad | a low income, monthly income | Families on a low income need support. |
| salary | oylik maosh | a good salary, get a pay rise | She got a job with a higher salary. |
| wage | ish haqi (soatbay, kunbay) | the minimum wage, an hourly wage | He earns an hourly wage at the café. |
| earn | topmoq (pul) | earn a living, earn money | Many young people earn money as couriers. |
| tax | soliq | pay tax, income tax, raise taxes | Everyone who works has to pay income tax. |
| taxpayer | soliq to‘lovchi | taxpayers’ money | Taxpayers’ money pays for schools and roads. |
| pension | pensiya | a state pension, retire on a pension | My grandmother lives on her pension. |
| expenses | xarajatlar | living expenses, cut expenses | Rent is our biggest monthly expense. |
| afford | qurbi yetmoq | can’t afford, afford to buy | We can’t afford a new car this year. |
| affordable | hamyonbop | affordable housing | Young families need affordable housing. |
| debt | qarz | national debt, be in debt | The company is deep in debt. |
| standard of living | turmush darajasi | raise the standard of living | The standard of living has improved in the city. |
Biznes: 10 so‘z
| So‘z | Tarjima | Birikmalar | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| profit | foyda | make a profit | The bakery made a small profit in its first year. |
| loss | zarar | make a loss | The shop made a loss because rent was too high. |
| revenue | tushum | annual revenue | Revenue grew, but profit fell. |
| demand | talab | high demand, demand for | There is high demand for IT specialists. |
| supply | taklif | supply and demand | When supply falls, prices usually rise. |
| competition | raqobat | tough competition | Competition between delivery apps is tough. |
| startup | startap | launch a startup | He launched a startup at IT Park. |
| invest | sarmoya kiritmoq | invest in, invest money | They invested in solar energy. |
| small business | kichik biznes | run a small business | My aunt runs a small business selling pastries. |
| customer | mijoz | attract customers | Low prices attract new customers. |
Grafik tili: o‘sish va pasayish (12 so‘z)
| So‘z | Tarjima | Ot shakli | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| rise / increase | oshmoq | a rise, an increase | Prices rose by 5%. |
| grow | o‘smoq | growth | Exports grew steadily. |
| fall / drop | tushmoq | a fall, a drop | Unemployment fell to 6%. |
| decline | pasaymoq | a decline | Sales declined gradually. |
| remain stable | barqaror qolmoq | — | Wages remained stable for two years. |
| fluctuate | tebranmoq | fluctuation | The exchange rate fluctuated. |
| peak | eng yuqori nuqtaga chiqmoq | a peak | Inflation peaked in 2022. |
| hit a low | eng past nuqtaga tushmoq | a low | Sales hit a low in January. |
| sharply | keskin | a sharp rise | Prices rose sharply. |
| slightly | biroz | a slight fall | Income fell slightly. |
| gradually / steadily | asta-sekin / bir tekis | a gradual / steady increase | The figure increased steadily. |
| significantly | sezilarli | a significant change | Unemployment dropped significantly. |
Predloglar: rose by 2% — farq; rose to 8% — yetgan nuqta; from 5% to 8% — boshlanish va oxir. Increased on 3% — ruscha на dan kelgan xato.
Namuna: grafikni tasvirlash
Quyidagi ma’lumot to‘qima, faqat mashq uchun; real mamlakat yoki real statistika emas.
| Yil | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflyatsiya, % (Country A) | 4 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 8 | 6 |
| Ishsizlik, % (Country A) | 7 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
Namunaviy tavsif (B2):
The table shows inflation and unemployment in Country A between 2019 and 2024. Overall, inflation rose sharply and then fell, while unemployment changed much less.
Inflation stood at 4% in 2019. It increased gradually to 5% in 2020 and then climbed sharply, peaking at 13% in 2022. After that, it dropped to 8% in 2023 and fell slightly to 6% in 2024.
Unemployment, on the other hand, jumped from 7% to 10% in 2020. It then declined steadily and remained stable at 7% in the last two years.
Birinchi paragraf umumiy manzara (overview), keyingilari tafsilot. To‘liq tuzilma IELTS line graph sahifasida, ko‘proq trend so‘zlari esa trend so‘zlari sahifasida.
Yangilik uslubidagi namuna matn
O‘quv uchun to‘qilgan matn.
Young people feel the cost of living
A new survey in a fictional city shows that young workers are worried about the rising cost of living. Many say their salaries have not kept up with inflation, so they can’t afford to rent a flat alone. Some have taken a second job or started a small business online. Economists say that demand for skilled workers is still high, and that learning new skills is the best protection against unemployment. The city council has promised more affordable housing but has not said how it will be paid for — through taxes or new investment.
Dialog: narxlar haqida
Sardor: Have you noticed how expensive everything is these days?
Madina: Definitely. Our monthly expenses have gone up a lot.
Sardor: My salary is the same as last year, so in real terms I earn less.
Madina: That’s inflation for you. Have you asked for a pay rise?
Sardor: Not yet. My company made a loss last quarter.
Madina: Then maybe look at the demand for your skills. IT jobs pay well.
Sardor: True. I’m thinking of taking a data analysis course.
Madina: Good idea. It’s an investment in yourself.
Mashq
A. Mos so‘zni tanlang.
- 1. The café made a ______ of 10 million sums last month. (profit / income tax)
- 2. Many people lost their jobs, so ______ rose. (inflation / unemployment)
- 3. We can’t ______ a holiday this year. (afford / earn)
- 4. The country ______ cotton and fruit to other countries. (imports / exports)
- 5. When ______ is higher than supply, prices go up. (demand / revenue)
B. Predlogni qo‘ying.
- 6. Sales increased ______ 20%, from 100 to 120 units.
- 7. Prices rose ______ 3% ______ 7%.
- 8. Inflation fell ______ 6% in 2024.
C. Ot shaklini yozing.
- 9. grow → ______
- 10. decline → a ______
Javoblar
1 — profit; 2 — unemployment; 3 — afford; 4 — exports; 5 — demand; 6 — by; 7 — from … to; 8 — to; 9 — growth; 10 — decline.
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