Present Perfect (hozirgi tugallangan zamon) o‘tmishda bo‘lgan ishni hozir bilan bog‘laydi. Formula: have/has + V3: I’ve lost my keys. She has been to Khiva. U uch holatda ishlatiladi: hayotiy tajriba (qachonligi aytilmaydi), hozir ko‘rinib turgan natija va hali tugamagan davr (since, for).
Aniq tugagan vaqt aytilsa (yesterday, in 2022, two days ago), Present Perfect emas, Past Simple kerak. Bu qoidani yodda tutsangiz, xatolarning yarmi yo‘qoladi.
Nega o‘zbek tilida bu zamon “yo‘q”
O‘zbek tilida Present Perfect deb ataladigan bitta shakl yo‘q. Uning ma’nosi bir necha xil shakllarga tarqalib ketgan:
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha | Ma’no |
|---|---|---|
| Men Xivada bo‘lganman. | I’ve been to Khiva. | Tajriba |
| Kalitimni yo‘qotib qo‘ydim. | I’ve lost my key. | Natija hozir ham bor |
| Ular 2019-yildan beri shu yerda yashaydi. | They’ve lived here since 2019. | Hozirgacha davom etyapti |
| Hali tushlik qilmadim. | I haven’t had lunch yet. | Hali bo‘lmadi |
Ko‘rinib turibdiki, o‘zbekcha “-gan”, “-ib qo‘ydi”, “-di” va hatto hozirgi zamon ham Present Perfect bo‘lib tarjima qilinishi mumkin. Shuning uchun o‘zbekcha shaklga emas, savolga qarang:
- Voqea o‘tmishdami? Ha.
- Aniq tugagan vaqt aytilganmi yoki nazarda tutilganmi? Yo‘q.
- Gapning maqsadi hozirgi holat, tajriba yoki natija haqida xabar berishmi? Ha.
Uchta javob shunday bo‘lsa, Present Perfect tanlang. Rus tilida ham bu zamon yo‘q (Я потерял ключи ham “yo‘qotdim”, ham “yo‘qotib qo‘ydim”), shuning uchun rus maktabida o‘qiganlar uni ko‘pincha Past Simple bilan almashtiradi.
Yasalishi
| Gap turi | Formula | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|---|
| Darak | I/you/we/they have (’ve) + V3 | We’ve finished the project. | Loyihani tugatdik. |
| Darak | he/she/it has (’s) + V3 | She’s passed her driving test. | U haydovchilik imtihonidan o‘tdi. |
| Inkor | haven’t / hasn’t + V3 | He hasn’t called me. | U menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilmadi (hali). |
| So‘roq | Have/Has + ega + V3? | Have you seen my phone? | Telefonimni ko‘rdingizmi? |
| Maxsus savol | so‘roq so‘zi + have/has + ega + V3? | How long have you known her? | Uni qachondan beri taniysiz? |
| Javob | Yes, I have. / No, she hasn’t. | — | Ha. / Yo‘q. |
V3 — fe’lning uchinchi shakli (past participle). Regular fe’llarda u -ed bilan tugaydi va V2 bilan bir xil: work – worked – worked. Irregular fe’llarda alohida yodlanadi: go – went – gone, see – saw – seen, write – wrote – written. To‘liq ro‘yxat irregular fe’llar sahifasida.
Qisqartma ’s ikki xil bo‘lishi mumkin: She’s tired (is) va She’s left (has). Keyingi so‘zga qarang: V3 bo‘lsa, bu has.
Uch vazifa: 25 ta misol
Hayotiy tajriba (qachonligi muhim emas)
- 1. I’ve been to Bukhara three times. — Buxoroda uch marta bo‘lganman.
- 2. Have you ever tried kimchi? — Hech kimchi tatib ko‘rganmisiz?
- 3. My grandmother has never flown on a plane. — Buvim hech qachon samolyotda uchmagan.
- 4. We’ve seen that film twice. — U filmni ikki marta ko‘rganmiz.
- 5. She has worked in three different banks. — U uchta turli bankda ishlagan.
- 6. Have you ever spoken to a native speaker? — Hech ona tili ingliz tili bo‘lgan odam bilan gaplashganmisiz?
Hozir ko‘rinib turgan natija
- 7. I’ve lost my student card, so I can’t enter the library. — Talabalik guvohnomamni yo‘qotib qo‘ydim, kutubxonaga kira olmayman.
- 8. Someone has taken my seat. — Kimdir joyimni egallab olibdi.
- 9. Look, it has stopped raining. — Qara, yomg‘ir to‘xtadi.
- 10. He’s broken his arm, so he can’t play football. — U qo‘lini sindirib oldi, futbol o‘ynay olmaydi.
- 11. The price of meat has gone up. — Go‘sht narxi oshdi.
- 12. Our results have come out! — Natijalarimiz chiqdi!
Bu vazifani rasmda ko‘rish oson: har birida ish o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, natijasi esa hozir qo‘lda.
Hozirgacha davom etayotgan holat (since, for)
- 13. I’ve lived in Tashkent since 2020. — 2020-yildan beri Toshkentda yashayman.
- 14. They’ve been married for ten years. — Ular turmush qurganiga o‘n yil bo‘ldi.
- 15. How long have you had this phone? — Bu telefon sizda qachondan beri bor?
- 16. She has worked at this school since September. — U sentyabrdan beri shu maktabda ishlaydi.
- 17. I haven’t seen Sherzod for ages. — Sherzodni ko‘rmaganimga ancha bo‘ldi.
Since boshlanish nuqtasini (since Monday, since 2020), for davr uzunligini (for two weeks, for ten years) bildiradi. Batafsil since va for farqi sahifasida.
Hali tugamagan vaqt oralig‘i
- 18. I’ve drunk three cups of tea today. — Bugun uch piyola choy ichdim.
- 19. We haven’t had any rain this month. — Bu oy umuman yomg‘ir yog‘madi.
- 20. Have you called your mum this week? — Bu hafta onangga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingmi?
Just, already, yet, ever, never
| So‘z | Ma’nosi | O‘rni | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | hozirgina | have va V3 orasida | 21. The bus has just left. — Avtobus hozirgina ketdi. |
| already | allaqachon | have va V3 orasida | 22. I’ve already paid for the taxi. — Taksiga allaqachon to‘ladim. |
| yet | hali (inkor), allaqachonmi (savol) | gap oxirida | 23. Have you finished your homework yet? — Uy vazifangni tugatdingmi? |
| ever | hech (qachon) | savolda, V3 dan oldin | 24. Have you ever been to Samarkand? — Hech Samarqandda bo‘lganmisiz? |
| never | hech qachon | have va V3 orasida | 25. I’ve never failed an exam. — Hech qachon imtihondan yiqilmaganman. |
Yet faqat inkor va savolda keladi: I haven’t decided yet. Darak gapda uning o‘rniga already ishlatiladi. Bu so‘zlarning still bilan farqi yet, already, just, still sahifasida.
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar ko‘p qiladigan xatolar
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Nima bo‘ldi |
|---|---|---|
| I have finished university in 2023. | I finished university in 2023. | Aniq yil bor → Past Simple |
| She has went to Andijan. | She has gone to Andijan. | V2 o‘rniga V3 kerak |
| He has came back. | He has come back. | come ning V3 si come |
| I already have eaten. | I have already eaten. | already have dan keyin |
| I am here since the morning. | I’ve been here since the morning. | since bilan Present Perfect |
| Have you been in Samarkand? | Have you been to Samarkand? | Tajriba: been to |
| I have seen yet this film. | I haven’t seen this film yet. | yet inkorda va oxirida |
| My brother have finished school. | My brother has finished school. | 3-shaxs birlikda has |
Birinchi xato eng qiyini, chunki o‘zbekcha “2023-yilda tugatganman” to‘g‘ri eshitiladi. Inglizchada aniq tugagan vaqt Present Perfect bilan hech qachon kelmaydi.
Past Simple bilan chalkashtirmang
Qisqa qoida: yangilikni Present Perfect bilan aytasiz, tafsilotni esa Past Simple bilan. I’ve found a job! I started on Monday. Ikki zamonning to‘liq taqqoslashi, signal so‘zlar jadvali va IELTS’dagi misol Present Perfect va Past Simple farqi sahifasida.
Mashq: 15 ta gap
A. Qavsdagi fe’lni Present Perfect shaklida yozing.
- 1. I ______ (lose) my wallet. Can you lend me some money?
- 2. She ______ (never / be) abroad.
- 3. ______ you ______ (ever / eat) sumalak?
- 4. We ______ (know) each other since school.
- 5. My father ______ (not / read) the news today.
- 6. They ______ (buy) a new flat in Sergeli.
- 7. ______ Malika ______ (send) the documents yet?
- 8. The shop ______ (close). We’re too late.
B. just, already, yet, ever yoki never ni qo‘ying.
- 9. I’ve ______ met him. He seems nice. (bir daqiqa oldin)
- 10. Have you ______ been to the Aral Sea?
- 11. Don’t buy bread. I’ve ______ bought some.
- 12. The results haven’t come out ______.
C. Present Perfect yoki Past Simple?
- 13. I ______ (visit) Termez in 2021.
- 14. She ______ (work) here for five years, and she still loves it.
- 15. ______ you ______ (see) Aziz yesterday?
Javoblar
1 — have lost (’ve lost); 2 — has never been; 3 — Have … ever eaten; 4 — have known; 5 — hasn’t read; 6 — have bought; 7 — Has … sent; 8 — has closed.
9 — just; 10 — ever; 11 — already; 12 — yet.
13 — visited; 14 — has worked (yoki has been working); 15 — Did … see.
Qiyin joylar:
- 4-gap: know holat fe’li, shuning uchun have been knowing bo‘lmaydi. Faqat have known.
- 5-gap: today hali tugamagan davr, demak Present Perfect: kun davom etyapti, u hali ham o‘qishi mumkin.
- 13-gap: in 2021 aniq tugagan vaqt, shuning uchun Past Simple.
- 14-gap: still loves it — holat davom etyapti, demak Present Perfect. Agar but then she left bo‘lganida, worked bo‘lardi.
Davomiylikni ta’kidlash kerak bo‘lsa (I’ve been waiting for an hour), keyingi qadam — Present Perfect Continuous qoidasi.
BandMate bilan mashq
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan suhbatda “Have you ever…?” savollariga javob berib, tajribangiz haqida gapirishni mashq qilasiz: qayerda bo‘lgansiz, nimani o‘rgangansiz, nimaga erishgansiz. IELTS Speaking mock rejimida bunday savollar ham uchraydi, AI fikri esa rasmiy band emas, o‘rganish uchun yo‘l-yo‘riq. Bugungi vazifa: hayotingizdagi uchta tajribani Present Perfect bilan, keyin har biriga bitta Past Simple tafsilot qo‘shib ayting.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
