Inglizchada millat so‘zi sifat bo‘lib, ko‘pincha til nomi bilan bir xil: Uzbek — o‘zbek va o‘zbek tili, French — fransuz va fransuz tili. Lekin har doim emas: Braziliyada yashovchi Brazilian, tili esa Portuguese. Ikkala so‘z ham doim katta harf bilan yoziladi va tilni aytganda in ishlatiladi: Say it in English.
Hozir o‘zingiz haqingizda ikki gap ayting: I’m Uzbek. I speak Uzbek, Russian and a little English. Quyida millat so‘zlari qo‘shimchalar bo‘yicha guruhlangan, keyin davlat–millat–til–odam jadvali, artikl qoidasi, dialog va mashq.
Qo‘shimchaga qarab 5 guruh
Millat so‘zini yodlashni osonlashtirish uchun uni oxiriga qarab guruhlang. Har guruhda talaffuz qonuniyati ham bor.
| Guruh | Misollar | Talaffuz va eslatma |
|---|---|---|
| -ian / -an | Russian, Italian, Canadian, Korean, American, Georgian, Egyptian, Indian | Urg‘u ko‘pincha -ian oldidagi bo‘g‘inda: i-TA-lian, ca-NA-dian |
| -ese | Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Lebanese | Urg‘u oxirida: chay-NIIZ, je-pə-NIIZ |
| -ish | English, Spanish, Turkish, Polish, Swedish, Irish, Finnish | Urg‘u boshda: SPA-nish, TÖ-kish |
| -i | Pakistani, Iraqi, Saudi, Azerbaijani, Emirati, Qatari | Ko‘pincha arab va fors tillaridan kelgan nomlar |
| alohida | Uzbek, Kazakh, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, French, Dutch, Greek, Swiss, Thai | Yodlab olinadi |
Markaziy Osiyo millatlari qo‘shimchasiz: Uzbek, Kazakh, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Turkmen. Uzbekistani so‘zi ham uchraydi, u fuqarolikni bildiradi (an Uzbekistani passport), lekin millat va til — faqat Uzbek. Uzbekian, Kazakhian degan so‘zlar yo‘q.
Davlat, millat, til va odam: bitta jadvalda
Eng ko‘p chalkashadigan joy — to‘rtinchi ustun: bitta odam va butun xalqni qanday aytish.
| Davlat | Millat (sifat) | Til | Bir odam / xalq |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uzbekistan | Uzbek | Uzbek | an Uzbek / the Uzbeks |
| Kazakhstan | Kazakh | Kazakh | a Kazakh / the Kazakhs |
| Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz | Kyrgyz | a Kyrgyz person / the Kyrgyz |
| Tajikistan | Tajik | Tajik | a Tajik / the Tajiks |
| Turkmenistan | Turkmen | Turkmen | a Turkmen / the Turkmens |
| Afghanistan | Afghan | Pashto, Dari | an Afghan / the Afghans |
| Russia | Russian | Russian | a Russian / the Russians |
| Turkey | Turkish | Turkish | a Turk / the Turks |
| China | Chinese | Chinese (Mandarin) | a Chinese person / the Chinese |
| Japan | Japanese | Japanese | a Japanese person / the Japanese |
| Iran | Iranian | Persian (Farsi) | an Iranian / the Iranians |
| Saudi Arabia | Saudi | Arabic | a Saudi / the Saudis |
| the UK | British | English | a British person / the British |
| the USA | American | English | an American / the Americans |
| France | French | French | a French person / the French |
| Germany | German | German | a German / the Germans |
| Austria | Austrian | German | an Austrian / the Austrians |
| Spain | Spanish | Spanish | a Spaniard / the Spanish |
| Mexico | Mexican | Spanish | a Mexican / the Mexicans |
| Brazil | Brazilian | Portuguese | a Brazilian / the Brazilians |
| the Netherlands | Dutch | Dutch | a Dutch person / the Dutch |
| Switzerland | Swiss | German, French, Italian, Romansh | a Swiss person / the Swiss |
Qoida: -an, -ian va Markaziy Osiyo so‘zlari odam haqida ot bo‘la oladi va ko‘plikda -s oladi: two Uzbeks, many Americans. -ese, -ish, -ch va Swiss bilan bitta odamga person qo‘shiladi, butun xalqqa the qo‘yilib, -s qo‘shilmaydi: a French person, the French. Two Frenches yoki a Chinese noto‘g‘ri eshitiladi.
Ko‘proq davlat va ularning millat so‘zlari davlatlar nomi inglizcha sahifasida 60 ta davlat ro‘yxati bilan berilgan.
Artikl: an Uzbek, lekin a European
Artiklni harfga emas, tovushga qarab tanlaysiz.
- an Uzbek, an American, an Indian, an Italian, an Iranian — unli tovush bilan boshlanadi.
- a European, a Ukrainian — yozuvda unli, lekin “yu” tovushi bilan boshlanadi.
- He is Uzbek. — sifat, artiklsiz. He is an Uzbek. — ot, grammatik to‘g‘ri, lekin kundalik nutqda birinchisi tabiiyroq.
Tilning nomi bilan artikl kerak emas: I speak English, the English emas. The English language deyish mumkin, lekin English language is difficult — xato: yo English is difficult, yo the English language is difficult.
Katta harf: o‘zbekchadan farqi
O‘zbek tilida o‘zbek, rus, ingliz tili kichik harf bilan yoziladi. Inglizchada millat va til nomi — xos ot, shuning uchun doim katta harf:
| O‘zbekcha odat | Inglizcha to‘g‘ri |
|---|---|
| I study english. | I study English. |
| My uzbek friends. | My Uzbek friends. |
| She likes korean music. | She likes Korean music. |
| a russian school | a Russian school |
Bu qoida sifat vazifasida ham ishlaydi: Chinese food, a Japanese car, Turkish coffee. Maktab fanlarida faqat til nomi katta harf bilan: English, Russian, lekin maths, biology. Kun va oy nomlari bilan birga to‘liq ro‘yxat katta harf qoidalari sahifasida.
Tillar haqida gapirish: 10 ta ibora
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| native language / mother tongue | ona tili | My native language is Uzbek. |
| speak fluent … | … tilida erkin gapirmoq | She speaks fluent Russian. |
| a little | ozgina | I speak a little Turkish. |
| bilingual | ikki tilli | Many people in Tashkent are bilingual. |
| in English | inglizcha, ingliz tilida | Can you say that in English? |
| translate from … into … | …dan …ga tarjima qilmoq | I translate from Uzbek into English. |
| have an accent | aksent bilan gapirmoq | He has a strong Russian accent. |
| pick up a language | tilni eshitib o‘rganib olmoq | I picked up some Kazakh from my neighbours. |
| official language | davlat tili | Uzbek is the official language of Uzbekistan. |
| What languages do you speak? | Qaysi tillarda gapirasiz? | What languages do you speak at home? |
Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato: ruscha “на английском” ta’sirida on English. To‘g‘risi in English: The lesson is in English. Write it in Uzbek. Speak on English ham xato, speak English yoki speak in English.
Millat so‘zlarida o‘zbek o‘quvchisini chalg‘itadigan 6 holat
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| I’m from Uzbek. | I’m from Uzbekistan. / I’m Uzbek. | From dan keyin davlat |
| She speaks Brazilian. | She speaks Portuguese. | Millat va til farq qiladi |
| He is a Chinese. | He is Chinese. / He is a Chinese man. | -ese so‘zlari ot bo‘lib kam ishlatiladi |
| She’s an Ukrainian student. | She’s a Ukrainian student. | “yu” tovushi bilan boshlanadi, shuning uchun a |
| English language is hard. | English is hard. | Artikl yoki languagesiz |
| Americans speak American. | Americans speak English. | Til nomi English |
Dialog: IT Parkda yangi hamkasb
Aziz: Welcome to the team! Where are you from, Priya?
Priya: I’m Indian, from Bangalore. And you?
Aziz: I’m Uzbek, from Bukhara. So what’s your native language? Hindi?
Priya: Actually, it’s Kannada. I speak Hindi and English too. What about you?
Aziz: Uzbek at home, Russian with some clients, and English at work. My grandmother speaks Tajik, so I understand a little.
Priya: That’s four languages! In India we’re often multilingual too.
Aziz: Is the daily meeting in English?
Priya: Yes, always in English. The Kazakh team joins online, and it’s the only language we all share.
O‘zingizni to‘liqroq tanishtirish uchun tayyor qoliplar o‘zini tanishtirish ingliz tilida sahifasida.
Mashq: millat, til va artikl
A. Til nomini yozing.
- 1. People in Brazil speak ___.
- 2. People in Austria speak ___.
- 3. People in Egypt speak ___.
- 4. People in Iran speak ___.
B. Millat so‘zini yozing.
- 5. a person from Spain → a ___
- 6. a person from Kazakhstan → a ___
- 7. a person from the Netherlands → a ___ person
C. A yoki an?
- 8. ___ Uzbek teacher
- 9. ___ European city
- 10. ___ Italian restaurant
D. Xatoni tuzating.
- 11. Can you write it on english?
- 12. My neighbours are frenches.
Javoblar
1 — Portuguese; 2 — German; 3 — Arabic; 4 — Persian (Farsi). 5 — Spaniard; 6 — Kazakh; 7 — Dutch. 8 — an; 9 — a; 10 — an. 11 — Can you write it in English? 12 — My neighbours are French.
Bandi bilan tillar haqida suhbat
BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizdan What languages do you speak? deb so‘raydi. Javobda qaysi tillarni qanchalik bilishingizni fluent, a little, pick up iboralari bilan ayting va har bir tilni qayerda ishlatishingizni qo‘shing. On English yoki kichik harfli english kabi xatolar bo‘lsa, ilova ko‘rsatib beradi. Rus tilini bilsangiz, uning ingliz tilini o‘rganishga qanday ta’sir qilishi ingliz tili va rus tili farqi sahifasida.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
