Ingliz tilida “bir xil so‘z, boshqa ma’no” holati uch turga bo‘linadi. Omonim (homonym) — yozilishi ham, aytilishi ham bir xil: bank — bank va daryo qirg‘og‘i. Omofon (homophone) — aytilishi bir xil, yozilishi boshqa: right — write, there — their — they’re. Omograf (homograph) — yozilishi bir xil, o‘qilishi boshqa: read /riːd/ (o‘qiyman) va read /red/ (o‘qidim).
O‘zbek tilida ham bu hodisa tanish: yoz — yil fasli va “yozmoq” fe’li, ot — hayvon, ism va “otmoq”. Farqi shundaki, inglizchada omofonlar ko‘p va ular yozuvda xatoga olib keladi: nutqda hech kim sezmaydi, xatda esa darhol ko‘rinadi.
Omonimlar: bir so‘z, ikki ma’no
Bu so‘zlarni gapdagi qo‘shni so‘zlar ajratib beradi. Qaysi ma’no ekanini topish uchun “kim, nima, qayerda?” deb so‘rang.
| So‘z | 1-ma’no | 2-ma’no | Misollar |
|---|---|---|---|
| bank | bank | daryo qirg‘og‘i | I work at a bank. We had a picnic on the river bank. |
| watch | qo‘l soati | ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq | My watch stopped. Let’s watch a film. |
| right | o‘ng | to‘g‘ri; huquq | Turn right. You’re right. Human rights. |
| light | yorug‘lik, chiroq | yengil | Turn on the light. The box is light. |
| fair | adolatli | oq-sariq (soch, teri); yarmarka | It’s not fair! She has fair hair. |
| match | o‘yin, uchrashuv | gugurt; mos kelmoq | a football match; a box of matches; Your bag matches your shoes. |
| spring | bahor | prujina; buloq | in spring; a bed spring; a mountain spring |
| change | o‘zgartirmoq; o‘zgarish | qaytim, mayda pul | Keep the change. |
| kind | mehribon | tur, xil | She’s very kind. What kind of music do you like? |
| mean | anglatmoq | ziqna; qo‘pol | What does it mean? Don’t be mean. |
| fine | yaxshi | jarima | I’m fine. He paid a fine for parking. |
| date | sana | xurmo; uchrashuv (sevgi) | What’s the date today? Dates are sweet. |
| park | bog‘ | mashina qo‘ymoq | Let’s meet in the park. You can’t park here. |
| train | poyezd | mashq qilmoq, o‘rgatmoq | I train three times a week. |
Omofonlar: bir xil eshitiladi, boshqacha yoziladi
Ko‘p omofonlarda bitta so‘zda jim harf bor: write, know, knight, hour. Shuning uchun ular jim harflar mavzusi bilan chambarchas bog‘liq.
| Juftlik | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| right / write | to‘g‘ri / yozmoq | Write the right answer. |
| hear / here | eshitmoq / bu yerda | Can you hear me? I’m here. |
| know / no | bilmoq / yo‘q | I don’t know. — No problem. |
| new / knew | yangi / bilardi | I knew about the new rule. |
| see / sea | ko‘rmoq / dengiz | I want to see the sea. |
| meet / meat | uchrashmoq / go‘sht | Meet me at the shop; I’ll buy meat. |
| week / weak | hafta / kuchsiz | I felt weak all week. |
| son / sun | o‘g‘il / quyosh | My son loves the sun. |
| buy / by / bye | sotib olmoq / tomonidan, yonida / xayr | Buy it by Friday. Bye! |
| one / won | bir / yutdi | We won one game. |
| eight / ate | sakkiz / yedi | I ate at eight. |
| whole / hole | butun / teshik | I ate the whole cake. There’s a hole in my sock. |
| weather / whether | ob-havo / -mi, yo‘qmi | I don’t know whether the weather will change. |
| which / witch | qaysi / jodugar | Which witch is in the story? |
| peace / piece | tinchlik / bo‘lak | a piece of cake, world peace |
| flower / flour | gul / un | Flour for bread, flowers for Mum. |
| plane / plain | samolyot / oddiy | a plain T-shirt on the plane |
| sale / sail | chegirma, sotuv / yelkan, suzmoq | Boats sail; shops have a sale. |
| wait / weight | kutmoq / vazn | Wait, I’ll check my weight. |
| break / brake | sindirmoq; tanaffus / tormoz | Take a break. Use the brake. |
| mail / male | pochta / erkak | male or female; e-mail |
| night / knight | tun / ritsar | The knight rode at night. |
| pair / pear | juft / nok | a pair of shoes, a ripe pear |
| allowed / aloud | ruxsat etilgan / ovoz chiqarib | Read it aloud. Phones aren’t allowed. |
Izoh: weather va whether ko‘p zamonaviy talaffuzlarda bir xil, lekin ba’zi Shotlandiya va Amerika talaffuzlarida wh- biroz boshqacha aytiladi.
Omograflar: bir xil yoziladi, boshqacha o‘qiladi
| So‘z | 1-o‘qilishi | 2-o‘qilishi |
|---|---|---|
| read | /riːd/ o‘qimoq (hozir) | /red/ o‘qidi (o‘tgan zamon) |
| live | /lɪv/ yashamoq | /laɪv/ jonli (live music) |
| lead | /liːd/ boshqarmoq | /led/ qo‘rg‘oshin |
| wind | /wɪnd/ shamol | /waɪnd/ o‘ramoq, burab qo‘ymoq |
| tear | /tɪə/ ko‘z yoshi | /teə/ yirtmoq |
| close | /kləʊz/ yopmoq | /kləʊs/ yaqin |
| minute | /ˈmɪnɪt/ daqiqa | /maɪˈnjuːt/ juda mayda |
| record | REcord — yozuv, rekord (ot) | reCORD — yozib olmoq (fe’l) |
| present | PREsent — sovg‘a; hozirgi | preSENT — taqdim etmoq |
Oxirgi ikki qatordagi farq — urg‘u: ot birinchi bo‘g‘inga, fe’l ikkinchi bo‘g‘inga. Bu qoida object, permit, increase kabi o‘nlab so‘zda ishlaydi; batafsil so‘z urg‘usi qoidalari sahifasida.
Yozuvda eng ko‘p uchraydigan 6 xato
Quyidagi juftlar hatto ona tili ingliz bo‘lganlarni ham adashtiradi. Tekshirish usuli oddiy: apostrofli shaklni to‘liq ochib o‘qing.
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Tekshirish |
|---|---|---|
| Their going to Samarkand. | They’re going to Samarkand. | they’re = they are |
| I like there house. | I like their house. | their = ularning |
| Your welcome! | You’re welcome! | you’re = you are |
| The cat hurt it’s leg. | The cat hurt its leg. | it’s = it is/has; egalik — its |
| This tea is to hot. | This tea is too hot. | too = juda, ham |
| I have to books. | I have two books. | two = 2 |
Yana ikki juftlik omofon emas, lekin xuddi shunday adashtiriladi: then (keyin) — than (-dan ko‘ra): She is taller than me; lose /luːz/ (yo‘qotmoq) — loose /luːs/ (bo‘sh, keng). Apostrof qoidalari ingliz tilida tinish belgilari sahifasida.
O‘zbek o‘quvchilari uchun maslahat: omofonlar tinglab tushunishda muammo emas, chunki gap ma’noni ochadi. Muammo — diktant va inshoda. Shuning uchun ularni eshitib yozish orqali mashq qiling: inglizcha diktant matnlari aynan shu uchun foydali.
Mashq: to‘g‘ri so‘zni tanlang
- 1. I can’t (hear / here) you, the music is too loud.
- 2. (Their / There / They’re) flat is on the fifth floor.
- 3. Please (right / write) your name at the top.
- 4. Do you (know / no) the answer?
- 5. I’ll (meet / meat) you at the metro at six.
- 6. Can I have a (peace / piece) of bread?
- 7. (Your / You’re) English is getting better.
- 8. The company changed (its / it’s) logo.
- 9. We need two kilos of (flower / flour) for the bread.
- 10. Don’t forget to use the (break / brake) on the hill.
- 11. Which meaning? We sat on the bank and watched the boats. — (moliya muassasasi / daryo qirg‘og‘i)
- 12. How do you read live here? They play live music on Fridays. — (/lɪv/ / /laɪv/)
Javoblar
1 — hear; 2 — Their; 3 — write; 4 — know; 5 — meet; 6 — piece; 7 — Your; 8 — its; 9 — flour; 10 — brake; 11 — daryo qirg‘og‘i (boats so‘zi ma’noni ochadi); 12 — /laɪv/ (jonli ijro).
Eshitib yozish orqali omofonlarni mustahkamlang
Omofonni faqat ko‘z bilan o‘rganib bo‘lmaydi: bir xil tovushni eshitib, gap ma’nosiga qarab to‘g‘ri yozishni o‘rganish kerak. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan gaplashib, keyin suhbatda ishlatgan gaplaringizni yozib chiqing va their, there, they’re kabi juftlarni tekshiring. Ilova nutqingizdagi talaffuz va grammatika bo‘yicha izoh beradi, read va live kabi omograflarni to‘g‘ri aytayotganingizni ham tekshirib olasiz.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
