Ingliz tilida tinish belgilari o‘zbek tilidagiga o‘xshaydi, lekin besh joyda farq qiladi va xatolar aynan shu yerda chiqadi. That, where, what, than oldidan vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Xat murojaatidan keyin undov emas, vergul keladi (Dear Aziz,). O‘nli kasr nuqta bilan (6.5), mingliklar vergul bilan (12,000) yoziladi. Apostrof (’) egalik va qisqartmani ko‘rsatadi, tovushni emas. Qo‘shtirnoq esa « » emas, “ ” shaklida bo‘ladi.
Shu beshtasini bugun tuzatsangiz, xatingiz, esse va Telegram’dagi inglizcha xabarlaringiz ancha tabiiy ko‘rinadi. Quyida har bir belgi misol bilan, o‘zbek va rus odatlari bilan solishtirib berilgan, oxirida javobli mashq bor.
11 ta belgi: inglizcha nomi va vazifasi
Darslik va imtihon topshiriqlarida belgilarning nomi ham uchraydi, shuning uchun nomini ham bilib qo‘ying.
| Belgi | Inglizcha nomi | Asosiy vazifasi | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | full stop (UK), period (US) | gap oxiri, qisqartma | I live in Namangan. |
| , | comma | ro‘yxat, gap qismlarini ajratish | tea, bread and honey |
| ? | question mark | to‘g‘ri so‘roq | Where do you work? |
| ! | exclamation mark | kuchli his, hayrat | What a view! |
| ’ | apostrophe | egalik va qisqartma | Aziz’s phone, don’t |
| “ ” | quotation marks, inverted commas (UK) | ko‘chirma gap | She said, “Wait.” |
| : | colon | ro‘yxat yoki izoh oldidan | You need two things: a pen and a passport. |
| ; | semicolon | bog‘liq ikki gapni ulash | It was late; the metro was closed. |
| - | hyphen | qo‘shma so‘z | a well-known singer |
| — | dash | qo‘shimcha fikrni ajratish | The answer — if there is one — is simple. |
| ( ) | brackets (UK), parentheses (US) | qo‘shimcha ma’lumot | IELTS (Academic) |
Vergul kerak bo‘ladigan 6 joy
- Ro‘yxatda: I bought apples, grapes and a melon at Chorsu.
- **Ikki to‘liq gap and, but, so, or bilan ulanganda**, ayniqsa gaplar uzun bo‘lsa: The bus was full, so we took a taxi. Juda qisqa gapda vergulsiz ham bo‘ladi: I called but she didn’t answer.
- Kirish so‘zi yoki kirish bo‘lagidan keyin: However, the price went up. In 2024, she moved to Tashkent. If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
- Murojaatda: Thanks, Madina. Aziz, can you help me? Vergul qo‘ymasangiz, Let’s eat, Grandma va Let’s eat Grandma orasidagi kulgili farq yo‘qoladi.
- Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beruvchi ergash gapda: My brother, who lives in Bukhara, is a doctor. Akangiz bitta bo‘lsa, who lives in Bukhara shunchaki qo‘shimcha ma’lumot, shuning uchun vergul bilan ajratiladi.
- Joy nomlari va sanalarda: Samarkand, Uzbekistan; amerikacha October 1, 2026.
Ergash gaplardagi vergulning to‘liq qoidasi relative clauses sahifasida, and, but, because bilan uzun gap tuzish esa qo‘shma gaplar sahifasida.
Vergul qo‘yilmaydigan joylar: o‘zbek va rus odati xalaqit beradi
Rus tilida что, где, как, который, чем oldidan doim vergul qo‘yiladi. O‘zbekchada ham Bilamanki, u keladi yoki Kech bo‘ldi, uyga ketdim kabi gaplarda vergul tabiiy. Inglizcha qoidalar boshqacha:
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Nega |
|---|---|---|
| I think, that he is right. | I think that he is right. | that oldidan vergul yo‘q |
| I don’t know, where she lives. | I don’t know where she lives. | so‘roq so‘zi oldidan vergul yo‘q |
| She is older, than me. | She is older than me. | than oldidan vergul yo‘q |
| The man, who called you, is here. | The man who called you is here. | qaysi odam ekanini aniqlayapti, vergul kerak emas |
| We’ll stay at home, if it rains. | We’ll stay at home if it rains. | if bo‘lagi oxirda kelsa, odatda vergulsiz |
| My friend from Andijan, sent me this. | My friend from Andijan sent me this. | ega va fe’l orasida vergul yo‘q |
| It was late, I went home. | It was late, so I went home. | ikki to‘liq gap faqat vergul bilan ulanmaydi |
Oxirgi qator eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato, uning nomi comma splice. O‘zbekcha Kech bo‘ldi, uyga ketdim to‘g‘ri, inglizchada esa uch yo‘l bor: bog‘lovchi qo‘shing (It was late, so I went home.), nuqta qo‘ying (It was late. I went home.) yoki nuqtali vergul ishlating (It was late; I went home.).
Oxford comma: ixtiyoriy, lekin bitta matnda izchil
Oxford comma — ro‘yxatdagi oxirgi and yoki or oldidagi vergul: tea, bread, and honey. Ko‘p Amerika akademik va nashriyot uslublari uni qo‘yadi, ko‘p gazetalar va Britaniya nashrlari esa odatda tashlab ketadi. Ikkala yozuv ham to‘g‘ri hisoblanadi, faqat bitta matnda aralashtirmang.
U ma’noni aniqlashtirgan holatda qo‘yish foydali:
- I called my parents, Aziz and Malika. — o‘quvchi “ota-onam Aziz va Malika” deb tushunishi mumkin.
- I called my parents, Aziz, and Malika. — uch xil odamga qo‘ng‘iroq qilingan.
Nuqta, raqam va sana
Bu bo‘lim yozuvdagi eng “ko‘rinmas” xatolarni tuzatadi, chunki o‘zbekcha odat bo‘yicha yozganda buni hech kim sezmaydi.
- O‘nli kasr nuqta bilan: o‘zbekcha 6,5 → inglizcha 6.5 (six point five). IELTS ballini yozganda ham shunday.
- Mingliklar vergul bilan: 1 500 000 so‘m → 1,500,000 soums yoki UZS 1,500,000. Inglizcha matnda 2,500 “ikki yarim” emas, “ikki ming besh yuz”.
- Vaqt: 7:30 hamma joyda tushunarli, Britaniyada 7.30 ham yoziladi.
- Unvon qisqartmasi: Britaniyada ko‘pincha nuqtasiz (Mr Karimov, Dr Aliyeva), Amerikada nuqta bilan (Mr. Karimov).
- Sana: 01.10.2026 ni amerikalik 10-yanvar deb o‘qiydi. Xatda so‘z bilan yozing: 1 October 2026 yoki October 1, 2026.
Apostrof: tutuq belgisi emas
O‘zbek lotin yozuvida ’ tutuq belgisi tovushni ko‘rsatadi: ma’no, san’at, ta’lim. Inglizchada apostrof hech qanday tovush bermaydi va faqat ikki ishni bajaradi.
1. Qisqartma: tushib qolgan harf o‘rnida turadi: I’m (I am), don’t (do not), we’ve (we have), they’re (they are).
2. Egalik: Aziz’s car, the teacher’s bag. Ko‘plikdagi -s bilan tugagan so‘zda apostrof oxirga qo‘yiladi: my parents’ house (ota-onamning uyi). -s siz ko‘plikda odatdagidek: the children’s toys. Batafsil qoida egalik ’s sahifasida.
Its va it’s — eng mashhur chalkashlik:
- it’s = it is yoki it has: It’s cold today. It’s been a long day.
- its = uning (narsa, hayvon, tashkilot): The cat is licking its paw.
Tekshirish usuli: gapga it is qo‘yib ko‘ring. Ma’no saqlansa, it’s; buzilsa, its. Xuddi shunday juftliklar: your / you’re, their / they’re, whose / who’s. Egalik olmoshlari ro‘yxati egalik olmoshlari sahifasida.
Ko‘plikda apostrof yo‘q: two apples (apple’s emas), IELTS books, in the 1990s.
Qo‘shtirnoq va ko‘chirma gap
O‘zbekchada ko‘chirma gap ko‘pincha tire bilan yoziladi: “Tayyorman”, — dedi u. Inglizchada tire kerak emas, vergul esa qo‘shtirnoq ichiga kiradi:
- “I’m ready,” she said.
- She said, “I’m ready.”
- “Are you coming?” he asked. (so‘roq belgisidan keyin vergul qo‘yilmaydi)
Uchta qoida yetadi: « » burchakli qo‘shtirnoqni ishlatmang; Amerikada vergul va nuqta doim qo‘shtirnoq ichida, Britaniyada ko‘pincha ichida; Britaniya matnlarida bittalik qo‘shtirnoq (‘…’) ham uchraydi va u ham to‘g‘ri.
Ikki nuqta, nuqtali vergul, tire va chiziqcha
Ikki nuqta (colon) to‘liq gapdan keyin ro‘yxat yoki izoh oldidan keladi: You need three documents: a passport, a photo and an application form. Fe’l bilan to‘ldiruvchi orasiga qo‘yilmaydi: You need: a passport… xato. Britaniya uslubida ikki nuqtadan keyin kichik harf yoziladi, atoqli ot bundan mustasno.
Nuqtali vergul (semicolon) mazmunan bog‘liq ikki to‘liq gapni ulaydi: The shop was closed; we went to the bazaar instead. However bilan ham keladi: I wanted to call you; however, my phone died.
Tire (dash) o‘zbekchada is o‘rnini bosadi: Toshkent — poytaxt. Inglizchada bunday bo‘lmaydi: Tashkent is the capital. Tire faqat qo‘shimcha fikrni ajratish uchun kerak va rasmiy yozuvda kam ishlatiladi.
Chiziqcha (hyphen) ot oldidagi qo‘shma sifatni bog‘laydi: a two-hour lesson, a 20-year-old student, a well-known writer. Fe’ldan keyin ko‘pincha chiziqchasiz yoziladi: The writer is well known.
Xat va xabarlarda: undov emas, vergul
O‘zbekcha rasmiy xat odatda undov bilan boshlanadi. Inglizchada murojaatdan keyin vergul qo‘yiladi, xat oxiridagi iboradan keyin ham vergul, ism esa yangi qatordan yoziladi:
| O‘zbekcha odat | Inglizcha |
|---|---|
| Hurmatli Dilnoza opa! | Dear Dilnoza, / Dear Ms Rakhimova, |
| Hurmat bilan, A. Karimov | Kind regards, (yangi qatorda) Aziz Karimov |
| Salom!!! Qalaysan??? | Hi! How are you? |
Amerika ish xatlarida Dear Mr. Smith: shaklida ikki nuqta ham uchraydi. Rasmiy xatda undovni kam ishlating, ketma-ket bir nechta !!! yoki ??? esa faqat do‘stona chatda. Xatning boshlanishi va yakuni uchun tayyor iboralar business email opening va closing sahifasida.
Mashq: 12 gapdagi tinish belgilarini tuzating
Har gapda bitta xato bor, bittasi esa to‘g‘ri. Qaysi biri ekanini toping.
- 1. I think, that the exam was easy.
- 2. Dear Mr Karimov!
- 3. My IELTS score is 6,5.
- 4. Its a beautiful city and it’s streets are clean.
- 5. We bought bread, cheese, and tomatoes.
- 6. It was raining, we stayed at home.
- 7. My sisters husband works in Termez.
- 8. «Where are you?» — asked my mum.
- 9. I don’t understand, why he left.
- 10. However the bus didn’t come.
- 11. Tashkent — the capital of Uzbekistan.
- 12. She bought two apple’s and a melon.
Javoblar
- 1. I think that the exam was easy. — that oldidan vergul yo‘q.
- 2. Dear Mr Karimov, — murojaatdan keyin vergul.
- 3. My IELTS score is 6.5. — o‘nli kasr nuqta bilan.
- 4. It’s a beautiful city and its streets are clean. — it is va uning.
- 5. To‘g‘ri. Oxford comma ixtiyoriy, bread, cheese and tomatoes ham to‘g‘ri.
- 6. It was raining, so we stayed at home. — yoki nuqta, yoki nuqtali vergul.
- 7. My sister’s husband works in Termez. — egalik apostrofi.
- 8. “Where are you?” my mum asked. — “ ” qo‘shtirnoq, tire yo‘q.
- 9. I don’t understand why he left. — why oldidan vergul yo‘q.
- 10. However, the bus didn’t come. — kirish so‘zidan keyin vergul.
- 11. Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan. — tire is o‘rnini bosmaydi.
- 12. She bought two apples and a melon. — ko‘plikda apostrof yo‘q.
10 tadan ko‘p topgan bo‘lsangiz, eng muhim farqlarni o‘zlashtirgansiz. Katta harf bilan bog‘liq qoidalar (kun va oy nomlari, I, millatlar) alohida mavzu: katta harf qoidalari sahifasiga o‘ting.
Vergul va pauza: yozganingizni ovoz chiqarib o‘qing
Tinish belgisi nutqda pauza va intonatsiyaga aylanadi: vergulda qisqa to‘xtaysiz, nuqtada ovoz pasayadi, so‘roq belgisida ko‘pincha ko‘tariladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan gaplashganda uzun gapni bo‘laklarga ajratib, pauza bilan aytishni mashq qilasiz. Gapni qayerda bo‘lishni nutqda his qilsangiz, yozganda vergulni ham to‘g‘ri joyga qo‘yish osonlashadi. Bugun bitta qisqa inglizcha xabar yozing, uni ovoz chiqarib o‘qing va har bir vergulda to‘xtab ko‘ring: pauza g‘alati eshitilgan joyda vergul ham ortiqcha bo‘lishi mumkin.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
