Passive voice (majhul nisbat) harakatni kim bajargani emas, harakatning o‘zi yoki natijasi muhim bo‘lganda ishlatiladi. Formula bitta: be + past participle (V3). O‘zbekchada bu vazifani fe’lga qo‘shiladigan -il/-in bajaradi: yozildi, qurilgan, sotiladi, olindi.
Quyida active gapni passive’ga aylantirish tartibi, sakkiz zamon uchun jadval, o‘zbek va rus tilidan keladigan 10 ta xato hamda javoblari bilan mashq bor.
Bitta voqea, ikki nuqtai nazar
Active: The workers repaired the road last week. — Ishchilar yo‘lni o‘tgan hafta ta’mirladi.
Passive: The road was repaired last week. — Yo‘l o‘tgan hafta ta’mirlandi.
Birinchi gapda diqqat ishchilarda, ikkinchisida yo‘lda. Kim ta’mirlagani ko‘pincha qiziq emas, shuning uchun passive tabiiyroq eshitiladi.
Active gapni passive’ga aylantirish uchun to‘rt qadam:
- Active gapdagi to‘ldiruvchini (the road) gap boshiga, ega o‘rniga qo‘ying.
- Asl fe’l qaysi zamonda bo‘lsa, be fe’lini o‘sha zamonga qo‘ying (repaired → was).
- Asosiy fe’lni V3 shakliga o‘tkazing (repaired).
- Bajaruvchini by bilan faqat u yangi yoki muhim ma’lumot bo‘lsa qo‘shing.
Muhim qoida: to‘ldiruvchisi yo‘q fe’l passive bo‘lmaydi. Happen, arrive, die, sleep, appear, go kabi fe’llardan passive yasalmaydi: The accident happened at night, lekin hech qachon was happened emas.
O‘zbekcha -il/-in bilan solishtirish
O‘zbekchada majhul nisbat fe’lning ichida yasaladi: yoz- → yoz-il-di, o‘qi- → o‘qi-l-di, ol- → ol-in-di, tayyorla- → tayyorla-n-di. Inglizchada asosiy fe’l V3 bo‘lib qoladi, zamonni esa yordamchi be ko‘taradi.
| O‘zbekcha | Inglizcha | Zamon |
|---|---|---|
| Xat yoziladi (odatda) | The letter is written | Present Simple |
| Xat yozilyapti | The letter is being written | Present Continuous |
| Xat yozildi | The letter was written | Past Simple |
| Xat yozilgan (natija hozir bor) | The letter has been written | Present Perfect |
| Xat yoziladi (ertaga) | The letter will be written | Future Simple |
| Xat yozilishi kerak | The letter must be written | Modal |
O‘zbek va rus tillarida yana bir usul bor: noaniq “ular” shakli. Bu yerda non sotishadi yoki ruscha Здесь продают хлеб. Inglizchada buni ikki xil aytish mumkin: Bread is sold here yoki og‘zaki nutqda They sell bread here. Lekin ruscha tartibni ko‘chirib Here is sold bread deyish xato.
Sakkiz zamonda passive shakllar
| Zamon | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | They clean the office every day. | The office is cleaned every day. |
| Present Continuous | They are cleaning the office. | The office is being cleaned. |
| Past Simple | They cleaned the office. | The office was cleaned. |
| Past Continuous | They were cleaning the office. | The office was being cleaned. |
| Present Perfect | They have cleaned the office. | The office has been cleaned. |
| Past Perfect | They had cleaned the office. | The office had been cleaned. |
| Future Simple | They will clean the office. | The office will be cleaned. |
| Modal fe’l | They must clean the office. | The office must be cleaned. |
Inkor va savol be orqali yasaladi, do kerak emas:
- The office isn’t cleaned on Sundays.
- Was the office cleaned yesterday?
- Has the contract been signed yet?
- When will the results be announced?
V3 shakllari irregular fe’llarda yodlanadi: build – built, speak – spoken, steal – stolen. Ro‘yxat uchun irregular fe’llar qo‘llanmasini ko‘ring.
Qachon passive tanlanadi
1. Bajaruvchi noma’lum. My phone was stolen in the metro. Kim o‘g‘irlaganini bilmaysiz.
2. Bajaruvchi hammaga ayon yoki ahamiyatsiz. Plov is usually cooked in a large cast-iron pot. Kim pishirishi muhim emas.
3. Jarayon va rasmiy matn. First, the cotton is picked. Then it is cleaned and sent to the factory. IELTS Writing Task 1’dagi jarayon sxemasi deyarli to‘liq passive bilan yoziladi; misollar process diagram qo‘llanmasida.
4. Yangilik va e’lon. The flight has been cancelled. Passengers will be informed by SMS.
5. Aybni yumshatish. Mistakes were made — kim xato qilganini ochiq aytmaslik. Ish yozishmalarida uchraydi.
Qachon passive keraksiz: o‘zingiz haqingizda gapirganda active tabiiyroq. A mistake was made by me emas, I made a mistake. Speaking’da hamma gapni passive qilish nutqni og‘ir va sun’iy qiladi.
By bilan qachon aytiladi
By faqat bajaruvchi yangi ma’lumot bo‘lsa kerak: This song was written by my older brother. Agar u aniq yoki umumiy bo‘lsa (by someone, by people, by the police o‘g‘irlik haqida), olib tashlang. My bag was stolen by someone o‘rniga shunchaki My bag was stolen.
“I was born” — doim passive
O‘zbekchada “tug‘ildim” oddiy fe’ldek eshitiladi, shuning uchun eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato I born in 2004 yoki I am born in Namangan. Inglizchada bu faqat passive: I was born in 2004. I was born in Namangan. Tirik odam haqida ham was, chunki tug‘ilish o‘tmishda bo‘lgan.
Shunga o‘xshash doim passive ishlatiladigan iboralar: be located (The hotel is located near Chorsu), be made of (This bag is made of leather), be married (She is married), be supposed to (You’re supposed to pay first).
O‘zbek o‘rganuvchilar ko‘p qiladigan 10 ta xato
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Sabab |
|---|---|---|
| I born in 2003. | I was born in 2003. | “Tug‘ildim” faol fe’ldek tuyuladi |
| The house was build last year. | The house was built last year. | V3 o‘rniga V1 |
| The letter written yesterday. | The letter was written yesterday. | Be tushib qolgan |
| It was happened at night. | It happened at night. | Happen passive bo‘lmaydi |
| English is speak in many countries. | English is spoken in many countries. | V3 bilmaslik |
| The room is cleaning now. | The room is being cleaned now. | Continuous passive’da being kerak |
| The problem has solved. | The problem has been solved. | Been tushib qolgan |
| In Uzbekistan is grown cotton. | Cotton is grown in Uzbekistan. | Ruscha so‘z tartibi |
| The results will announce tomorrow. | The results will be announced tomorrow. | Kelajakda be unutilgan |
| My phone was stolen by someone. | My phone was stolen. | Keraksiz by |
Eng xavfli ikkitasi was happened va I born: ular hatto yuqori darajadagi o‘rganuvchilarda ham qoladi. Ularni alohida kartochkaga yozib, har kuni bitta gap bilan takrorlang.
Mashq: 10 ta gap
A. Passive’ga aylantiring (bajaruvchini keraksiz bo‘lsa tashlang).
- They check passports at the border.
- Someone stole my bag yesterday.
- They are repairing the road near our house.
- The teacher has marked our tests.
- They will announce the winners next week.
B. Xatoni toping va tuzating. Bitta gap to‘g‘ri bo‘lishi ham mumkin.
- 6. The accident was happened at 8 a.m.
- 7. My brother born in Fergana.
- 8. This building built in 1970.
- 9. The documents must sign by the manager.
- 10. Green tea is served in almost every tea house in Tashkent.
Javoblar:
1 — Passports are checked at the border. 2 — My bag was stolen yesterday. 3 — The road near our house is being repaired. 4 — Our tests have been marked. 5 — The winners will be announced next week. 6 — The accident happened at 8 a.m. 7 — My brother was born in Fergana. 8 — This building was built in 1970. 9 — The documents must be signed by the manager. 10 — To‘g‘ri, tuzatish kerak emas.
Agar 3 yoki 4-gapda xato qilgan bo‘lsangiz, jadvaldagi Present Continuous va Present Perfect qatorlarini qayta ko‘ring: being va been eng ko‘p tushib qoladigan so‘zlar.
Passive’ni nutqqa olib chiqish
Qoidani bilish bilan uni gapirganda ishlatish orasida farq bor. Kichik mashq: shahringiz haqida beshta passive gap ayting. Masalan: My city is known for its bazaars. A new park was opened near my house. Many old buildings have been renovated. So‘ng xuddi shu fikrlarni active shaklda ayting va qaysi biri tabiiyroq eshitilganini solishtiring.
IELTS Speaking’da passive grammatik xilma-xillik belgisidan biri, lekin uni majburan tiqishtirish kerak emas. Qaysi tuzilmalar qanday baholanishini IELTS Speaking grammatika qo‘llanmasi tushuntiradi. Zamonlarning umumiy xaritasi esa 12 zamon sahifasida.
BandMate bilan mashq qilish
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda shahringiz, ishingiz yoki biror jarayon haqida gapirib, passive gaplarni real nutqda sinab ko‘rishingiz mumkin. Darslarda grammatika o‘zbekcha izoh bilan beriladi, talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr ham olasiz. Ilova xatoni ko‘rsatishga yordam beradi, lekin grammatikani tushunishning o‘rnini bosmaydi: jadvaldagi shakllarni avval o‘zingiz yozib chiqing.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
